Final Exam Flashcards

Question

internal working models: insecure

Answer 1

– likely mom doesn't respond to myemotions, especially when I am needy or angry so I will shut down my needs andtry to become independent" the infants then protect themselves "

Answer 2

–Childrenwho were securely attached have more harmoniousrelationships with peers – Secure attachment predicts positive peer & romantic relationships and emotional health in adolescence – Securely attached children also earn higher grades and are more involved in school than insecure children –likely that children'sdevelopment can be better predicted from the combination of both their earlyattachment status and the quality of subsequent parenting than from eitherfactor alone

Answer 3

– PI youth randomly sent into foster care, did study where they measured stress during MRI and found early adversity was associated with more internalizing problems and more stress - Also larger amygdala volume; adaptive response

Answer 4

No attachment figure needed

Answer 5

Need someone to take care of them

Answer 6

- Case study where babies were put in isolation with proper medical care - Had retarded physical development and disruption of perceptual–motor skills and language due to lack of social contact

Answer 7

Shows the reciprocal influence family members have on each other — Parents influence children — Children influence the behavior and child rearing strategies of their parents — Children influence parent interactions — Marital relationship influences children

Answer 8

– The most fundamental function is to ensure the survival of offspring by providing for their needs – as economic function for providing for children – Cultural training: tremendous drive to want to teach children about world we lived in and pass down family recipes etc.

Answer 9

- This is the first social context a child is in and there is a lot of variability (mom & dad, siblings?) - Sibling rivalry, which child is receiving attention - IQ? There are birth order effects

Answer 10

- Confluence (Older children have more opportunities to instruct younger siblings) - Resource (Parents have less resources w/ the more kids) - Born to Rebel (Suggests youngest have an IQ not yet measurable by current techniques as a result of learning to think different)

Answer 11

Instances where any pair of family members affects and is affected by each other's behavior

Answer 12

Instances where the relationship between two individuals in a family is modified by the behavior or attitudes of a third family member

Answer 13

The degree of warmth and control in parent-child relationships

Answer 14

High support, high demand authoritative High support, low demand permissive Low support, high demand authoritarian Low support, low demand disengaged

Answer 15

- SES; your workplace rewards different values (independence vs compliance) - Urban poverty results in parents being less supportive even though these children need it the most; authoritarian style may be protective factor - Race/ethnicity; WEIRD parenting considered good parenting

Answer 16

– Absence theory (suffer because now they live with one) – Economic disadvantage theory (econmic hardship) – Conflict theory (household hostility)

Answer 17

- Sex differences (More difficult for males, not male model) - Age (younger and older do better) - Temperament ("fiesty" have more difficulty)

Answer 18

– Many fathers do no visit children post–divorce –Seems to be positive outcomes related to boys –Can be difficult b/c mother gate–keepers & mother must absorb "bumps" when father fails to show

Answer 19

One that is of equal standing with another; social equals;

Answer 20

– Feedback and practice in role taking skills – Growth promoting conflicts in viewpoint – Practicing compromise – Emotional security – Training for later romantic relationships

Answer 21

During Infancy & toddlerhood, - starting at 6 mos, a bit of interaction with peers like babbling - one year: turn taking - 18 mons: coordinated interactions (imitation) - 2 yrs: complementary roles (tag)

Answer 22

Used to: –> master communication with equals –> develop emotional understanding and trust –> practice compromise

Answer 23

- Ages 0-2 - unoccupied (not directed at anything) - solitary (Some object of focus) - onlooker (Watches other people play)

Answer 24

- Ages 0-2 | - Child plays independently at the same activity as other children

Answer 25

- Next to each other, but some social engagement like sharing toys

Answer 26

- Play with a goal like a house or an imaginative story | - Cooperative

Answer 27

– Sociometric technique where you ask children who they like/dislike in class

Answer 28

– Everyone wants to be friends with them and tend to be skilled at initiating interactions with peers and at maintaining positive relationships - Less aggressive

Answer 29

- Children who are liked by few and disliked by many - Typically because they are aggressive or withdrawn - Hostile attribution bias

Answer 30

– Hostile and threatening behavior, physical aggression, disruptive behavior, and delinquency – Aggressive behavior often underlies rejection by peers

Answer 31

not physical aggression; where words are usedto effect someone's social standing through lies/ gossip

Answer 32

– Tend to be kids who are really shy + negative factor | – Children are rejected or socially excluded

Answer 33

– Refers to children or adolescents who are infrequently mentioned as liked or disliked

Answer 34

– Refers to children or adolescents who are liked by quite a few peers and are disliked by quite a few others – Tend to have characteristics of both popular and rejected children – Some peers view such children as arrogant and snobbish

Answer 35

– a common approach for assisting rejected children to teach social skills – Based on the assumption that rejected children lack social skills that promote positive interactions with peers

Answer 36

– Over relatively short time periods such as weeks or months, children who are popular or rejected tend to remain so, whereas those who are neglected or controversial tend to change their status – Overtime, sociometric stability for rejected children is generally higher than all other groups and may increase with the age of the child

Answer 37

– Physical characteristics – Cognitive skills – Parenting –> in NA culture: Authoritative parenting increased liked votes

Answer 38

- Hostile (aggressive) | - Instrumental (I hit you to get the ball out your hand)

Answer 39

Tending to think the other person is committing acts of aggression

Answer 40

- Perhaps girls are more aggressive but not in terms of pain and hostility

Answer 41

––> Proacitve aggressor (typical bully) | ––> Reactive aggressor (Hostile attribution bias)

Answer 42

– One year olds will offer toys to companions and toddlers often will try to comfort another who is distressed; pay attention to people crying example – Spontaneous acts *w/o adult nearby* are very rare

Answer 43

The origins altruistic prosocial behavior are rooted in the capacity to feel empathy and sympathy

Answer 44

– Infants respond to others' distress but may not be able to differentiate between other's emotional reactions and their own; theory of mind, separation anxiety, etc. – By age two, children start to more clearly differentiate between another's' emotional distress and their own; more prosocial behaviors

Answer 45

–> Forces child to see relationships b/w his/her acts and consequences (see what you did?) –> Role–taking ability (how do you think he feels?) –> Prosocial moral reasoning: thinking that is done when deciding whether to help and when these actions could be costly to self (what do you think will help?)

Answer 46

Moral judgement given to children, care for only logic not actual judgment - Preconventional - Conventional - Post conventional

Answer 47

moral reasoning is self–centered, focusing on getting rewards and avoiding punishment

Answer 48

moral reasoning is centered on social relationships | – Care about how situational outcomes impact others and want to please and be accepted

Answer 49

–moral behavior is based on self–chosen ethical principles that are generally comprehensive and universal, such as justice, dignity and equality

Answer 50

–more fearful and controlled –not easily impressed –maintain high level of self regulation

Answer 51

looking to CG to see if they are also distressed by what the child is distressed by

Answer 52

Behavioral inhibition (inhibited vs. uninhibited) looked at temperament in a way that related to our tendency to withdraw from unfamilar people or situations - Example in class of children as infants and as 10 year olds

Answer 53

- Infants engage in self-soothing techniques as they get older; this helps reduce distress - One tactic is "Social referencing" & baby is expose to visual cliff. Mom reassures baby it's okay. - Self-regulation uses PFC

Answer 54

- PFC, top-down regulation - Amygdala (emotions) - Reflexive / Automatic responses, bottom-up

Answer 55

- Study where they asked people to force themselves to think posivitely (more PFC) or negatively (more amygdala) - We get better at this as we age - Regulation strategy

Answer 56

1) Authoritative; Can control behavior 2) Authoritarian; unhappy and low in social and academic competence 3) Permissive; Impulsive, misconduct, low school achievement 4) Rejecting-Neglecting; attachment problems, antisocial behavior, poor relationshsips

Answer 57

Friends trigger activation in reward circuitry (ventral striatum) in adolescents & Adolescents do not engage regulatory (PFC) circuitry like adults - Car study - Sugar water study

Final Exam Flashcards

(81 cards)