Cumulative Final Flashcards
(65 cards)
1
Q
language
A
shared system of of symbols and rules that allow us to communicate
2
Q
language universals
A
- semanticity - conveys a meaning
- arbitrary - no inherent connection between words and meanings
- flexibility - we can change connections
- naming - we name everything
- displacement - communication about things that are not present
- productivity/generativity - we produce novel ways of saying things rather than repeating ourselves
3
Q
grammar
A
complete set of rules that will generate acceptable language
4
Q
phonology
A
sound rules
5
Q
phoneme
A
smallest segment of a sound
6
Q
lexical level
A
words and their meaning
7
Q
morphemes
A
smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning
8
Q
polysemy
A
multiple meanings
9
Q
SYNTAX
A
structure of a sentence
10
Q
Comprehension as a structure building framework
A
- lay the foundation - from the initial representations
- mapping - additional concept meaning
- shifting to new structure - encounter change cues
11
Q
situational models
A
a mental simulation of the world described by a
text – includes prior semantic and episodic knowledge
12
Q
bridging inference
A
making connections between concepts that may not be explicitly stated
13
Q
authorized vs. unauthroized inferences
A
“you look nice today”
“so I looked bad yesterday”
= unauthorized
14
Q
Mental Structures Map
A
mental structures -> mental representations, structure building
15
Q
Situational Models Map
A
Situational Models -> simulations, using mental structures, drawing on prior knowledge, making inferences
16
Q
arcute fasciculus
A
axons that connect Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas—communication between the regions
17
Q
Broca’s area
A
speech planning and programming
18
Q
Wernicke’s Area
A
involved in language understanding
19
Q
Broca’s Aphasia
A
may be able to read, but writing is often difficult; are usually aware of the problem
20
Q
Wernicke’s Aphasia
A
reading and writing usually impaired; are usually unaware of the problem
21
Q
Heuristic
A
a rule of thumb, a shortcut
22
Q
algorithm
A
rule or procedure that will provide a correct answer
23
Q
frequency judgment
A
a judgment about which set of choices happens most often
24
Q
the availability heuristic
A
Based on the ease with which the relevant information comes to mind
25
The Representativeness Heuristic
Judging the probability of something based on how much it resembles its population or the process that produced it
26
The Gambler's Fallacy
the false belief that random processes are sensitive to prior outcomes
27
base rate neglect
The failure to take the baseline probabilities of events
| into consideration
28
insensitivity to sample size
Belief that small samples and large samples should be
| equally representative of the parent population.
29
the law of large numbers
The larger the sample size, the more representative
| the sample will be!
30
counterfactuals
imagining how outcomes might have been different contradicting the facts
31
downhill change
altering the unusual part of a story and replacing it with a normal event
32
Why mostly downhill changes?
- easily imagined
- they seem more plausible
- we tend to attribute cause to the unusual event
33
When are counterfactuals triggered? (Goldinger)
| Is it something we do on purpose?
unexpected and bad events
| spontaneous and probably automatic
34
Effects of counterfactuals
can alter ideas of what the cause was and who we blame
35
Blaming the Victim - Goldinger
| HYPOTHESIS
- Cognitive load will reduce the ability to discount conterfactuals when assigning blame
- There may be differences between WMC groups
- WMC might interact with cognitive load
36
Blaming the Victim - Goldinger
| IVS
normal, counterfactual
37
Blaming the Victim - Goldinger
| Grouping variables
high spans, low spans
38
Blaming the Victim - Goldinger
| DVS
compensation, victim blame, company blame
39
Blaming the Victim - Goldinger
| CONCLUSION
- Blame more likely for counterfactual triggering stories.
- Victim blaming was worse under load, if load occurred during judgment, but only in low WMC subjects.
- The chances that people can discount counterfactual thinking depends on availability of mental resources.
40
Conditional reasoning
determining whether evidence supports, refutes, or is irrelevant to a if-then statement
41
confirmation bias
the tendency to look for information that confirms what you already think
42
What is the information-processing approach?
-Humans are active information processors
-Mental processes can be understood as a series of
processing stages
43
How do we define language given that researchers
| can’t agree on a single definition?
It’s defined by the language universals (semanticity,
arbitrary, flexibility, naming, displacement,
productivity/generativity)
44
When would shallow processing lead to better memory
| than deep processing?
When the test is over the surface (shallow)
| characteristics of the thing being studied
45
What types of memory are spared in anterograde
| amnesia?
Semantic, implicit, nondeclarative, STM
46
Why do we need iconic memory?
It stores information from previous fixations;
then allows other processes to put the
information together into a continuous
experience
47
What is the Cocktail Party Effect and which model of
| attention does it support?
Hearing your name in an unattended channel that you are ignoring.
It supports a late-filter model of attentional selection.
48
What is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference?
Proactive: old learning interferes with new learning
Retroactive: new learning interferes with old learning
49
What is the difference between encoding specificity and
| transfer appropriate processing?
ES: cues match at study and test
TAP: processing matches at study and test
50
What’s the difference between Wernickes & Broca’s
| aphasia?
Broca’s: an impairment in speech production (slow, have
difficulty speaking)
Wernicke’s: an impairment in comprehension (their
speech is fluid but doesn’t make sense)
51
What has the research on priming shown about how we
| understand polysemous words?
We activate all (known) meanings of a word first
and then the inappropriate ones are deactivated
(based on the context)
52
What kinds of situations provoke counterfactual
| thinking/reasoning?
Unexpected negative events (e.g., just barely
| missing a flight)
53
What are the three examples of the representativeness
| heuristic?
Gambler’s fallacy
Base rate neglect
Insensitivity to sample size
54
What’s the difference between functional fixedness and
| mental set?
Functional fixedness: failing to see alternative
uses for objects
Mental set: using a strategy that worked in the
past even though it’s no longer appropriate
55
What’s the difference between top-down and bottom-up
| processing?
Top-down: relying on background knowledge,
experience, context
Bottom-up: data driven, relying solely on the
stimulus
56
When do high spans and low spans differ in mind
| wandering?
Concentration: high WMC mind wander less as
they concentrate more, low WMC mind wander
more
Challenge, effort: high WMC don’t change, low
WMC mind wander more with more
challenge/effort
57
What did the paper looking at visual search like that in
| TSA screening find?
Recognizing the target once fixated gets better
with practice
People don’t fixate more with practice
58
What’s the difference between the idea of STM and the
| idea of WM?
STM: simple storage system
WM: simple storage system + central executive
59
A person who loses vision in one eye can still perceive
| depth because of…
Monocular depth perception cues
60
What factors will produce increased victim blaming?
```
Low WMC
Divided attention (under load)
```
61
Which of the following is relevant to the idea that native
English speakers have trouble telling the difference
between a “d” and “dh” sound in another language that
speakers of that language easily perceive?
a. Sophemes
b. Morphemes
c. Phonemes
d. Naming
C. PHONEMES
62
```
The problem with feature detection models of pattern
recognition (e.g., Pandamonium) is:
a. No transaccadic memory
b. No top down processing
c. No bottom up processing
d. Can’t store enough templates
```
b. No top down processing
63
If we have modality-specific resources (different “pools” of attention for different modalities like vision and hearing), which two tasks would be easiest to do together without one interfering with the other?
a. Explain a situation to someone while texting someone else
b. Remember a list of words while repeating other words out loud
c. Tapping your feet in a fixed sequence while telling someone a story
d. Tapping your hands in one sequence and your feet in another
c. Tapping your feet in a fixed sequence while telling someone a story
64
If the linguistic relativity hypothesis is true which of the
following would be most likely?
a. People speaking a language without a word for the color blue
would see more shades of blue
b. People speaking a language without a word for the color blue
would have trouble identifying blue
c. People speaking a language with no past tense would have
memory problems
d. People speaking a language with no past tense would have better
memory than other language speakers
b. People speaking a language without a word for the color blue would have trouble identifying blue
65
Which of the following would not be part of a situation
model of a text?
a. The layout of the spaces described in the narrative
b. Inferences about objects described in the narrative
c. Stereotypes about people described in the narrative
d. The difficulty of the syntax of the narrative
d. The difficulty of the syntax of the narrative
