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Cognitive Psychology > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Behaviorism

A

human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning

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2
Q

Are animals completely blank slates?

A

No

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3
Q

Problem with Behaviorism

A

an outward behavior may not be identified with a -mental state of mind

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4
Q

Assumption of Cognitive Psychology

A

Mental processes exist
They are subject to objective measurement
Animals are active information processors

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5
Q

Early Info Processing Model

A

stages are fixed

stages do not overlap (serial processing)

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6
Q

Problems with Early Info Model

A

there is evidence of both serial and parallel processing

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7
Q

Serial Processing

A

one process has to be completed before the next

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8
Q

Parallel Processing

A

assumes some or all processes involved in a cognitive task occur at the same time

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9
Q

Updated Models of Info Processing

A

parallel processing stages overlap
some processing is serial, other is parallel
use brain structure and function in theoretical development

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10
Q

Modal Model (Information Processing)

A

three main components: sensory registration, short term memory, and long term memory

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11
Q

Quasi-Experiment

A

1 or more IVs

grouping variable

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12
Q

Quasi-Experiment PROS

A

Individual differences

High control for the manipulated variable

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13
Q

Quasi-Experiment CONS

A

less control over because of the grouping variable

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14
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

happens at the synapse level
LTP is about strengthening connections between multiple neurons
Underlies learning and memory

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15
Q

Neurons

A

Dendrites
Soma
Axon, axon terminals
Myelin sheath

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16
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

abstract thinking, planning, social skills

broca’s area; speech production, grammar

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17
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

touch, spatial orientation, nonverbal thinking

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18
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

vision

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19
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

laguage, hearing, visual pattern recognition, memory (medial temporal lobe)

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20
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory

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21
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory information gets filtered through

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22
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

primary means of communication between the 2 hemispheres of the brain

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23
Q

fMRI Limitations

A
  • lag between brain activity and recruitment of blood
  • you can’t say a certain area caused a behavior
  • only tells us what regions are involved in a particular task
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24
Q

ERP Limitations

A
  • Can give us brain waves but it’s hard to say what spot they were in
  • only going to tell us involved regions
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25
ERP Benefit
gets timing right
26
Connectionism Models
Computer-based models of complex mind/brain systems that are inspired by the structure of the nervous system
27
Sensation vs. Perception
sensation: reception of stimulation from the environment and then encoding it in the nervous system perception: interpreting and understanding sensory information
28
Discontinuities in Time and Space
- There’s no one-to-one correspondence between physical reality and visual perception - The reality we perceive is a cognitive construct
29
Proximal vs. Distal Stimulus
proximal: the light waves that are reaching the system distal: the object itself
30
Blind Spot
the optic nerve creates a blind spot that the brain fills in
31
Saccades
quick movement of your eye from one fixation point to another
32
Change Blindness
failure to notice changes in the visual stimuli because of a disruption of the image (flashing image example)
33
Inattention Blindness
failure to notice changes in the visual scene that are easily visible due to focused attention to one part of the scene
34
Depth Perception
we get visual information in 2D not 3D
35
Two Types of Depth Cues
- binocular: information from both eyes | monocular: information from one eye
36
Binocular Disparity
slightly different images from the two eyes
37
Convergence
as something moves closer to your face, the more cross eyed you get
38
Interposition
when things are being overlapped, the overlapping thing looks closer than the things being overlapped
39
Linear Perspective
see two parallel lines as if they converge far away
40
Relative Size
parallel walls example
41
Elevation
as things get farther away, they look like they’re higher in your visual field
42
Iconic Memory
- a buffer that holds sensory information for a short period of time - allows visual system to integrate information into a continuous experience - large capacity, brief
43
Beta Movement (in iconic memory)
pictures changing faster than they can decay from iconic memory
44
Echoic Memory
-sensory memory related to auditory info
45
Gestalt Grouping Principles
- Figure ground relations - Similarity: grouping things together due to similarity - Proximity - Closure: filling in missing information - Good continuation
46
Templates Model (doesn't work)
- Stored models of all categorizable patterns | - The problem: this model can’t account for non-canonical (not the standard view) views and forms
47
Feature Detection
Feature: a simple fragment of a whole pattern
48
Pandemonium: A Feature Detection Model
humans group what they see into pictures and meaningful objects based on perception
49
Object Recognition
recognition by components: geons, objects
50
Problems with Feature and Geon Detection
knowledge and context can matter as much or more than features
51
Bottom Up Data Processing
processing that is driven by feature detection
52
Top Down Data Processing
driven by knowledge and context
53
Apperceptive Agnosia
deficit in perceiving whole patterns
54
Associative Agnosia
deficit in associating pattern with meaning
55
What do agnosias indicate?
- there are different processes and brain regions for sensation and feature detection - combining features is critical - naming the object is a different process and brain region
56
What is the purpose of attention?
to alert/prepare you
57
Factors that contributed to the cognitive revolution
- dissatisfaction with behaviorist explanations - need for a practical understanding of mental phenomena - slow changes in nature of verbal learning research
58
Higher level cognitive functions like abstract thinking, decision making, and planning depend primarily on which lobe of the cortex?
frontal lobe
59
What is embodied in cognition or embodiment?
The idea that the way our cognitive processes work reflects how we physically interact with the world
60
We have a blind spot in our retinas, but no “blind | spot” in our visual experience; why?
Visual processes use available info from iconic memory to fill in the missing info
61
The Pandemonium Model is what type of model | of pattern recognition?
Feature detection model
62
In the visual search paper looking at screening images of luggage, what improved with practice and what didn’t?
- recognition, saccdes, and reaction time improved | - likelihood of fixating the target did not improve
63
4 purposes of attention
- Orienting - Selective attention - Capacity (mental resources) - Automaticity and control
64
Explain the Stroop Task
»Words presented in neutral, congruent, or incongruent colors »Goal is to name the color »Demonstrates automaticity of reading (overlearning), response competition
65
Give an example of selective attention in the real world
missing an exit because you were paying attention to a car accident nearby
66
In the paper on cell phones and driving: what was the hypothesis that they supported with their data?
»That inattention blindness is caused by talking on the phone while driving (which causes declines in performance)
67
A timed task in which people decide if letter strings are or are not English words
Lexical decision
68
Capacity theories treat attention as:
Mental resource
69
What is the name of the phenomenon in which a person does an unintended, but more automatic action in place of an intended, less automatic action?
Action slip
70
Negative Priming
prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus
71
The negative priming task demonstrates...
inhibition
72
What lobe of the cortex is damaged in someone with | hemineglect?
Parietal lobe

Cognitive Psychology (3 decks)

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