Cumulative Lab Material Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Abbott-Saunders Test
A
( + ) Audible or palpable click
( i ) Subluxation or dislocation of the biceps tendon due to a rupture of transverse ligament or tendon subluxation beneath the subscapularis muscle belly
2
Q
Allen Test
A
( + ) A delay of more than 10 seconds (Evans says 5) in returning a reddish color to the hand
( i ) Radial or ulnar artery insufficiency. The occluded artery is not the artery being tested
3
Q
Allis Sign
(Galeazzi Sign, Pediatric Test)
A
a. ( + ) Difference in knee height with one low knee
a. ( i ) Ipsilateral congenital hip dislocation or tibial discrepancy (anatomical short leg)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
b. ( + ) Difference in knee anteriority with an anterior knee
b. ( i ) Ipsilateral congenital hip dislocation or femoral discrepancy (contralateral anatomical short leg)
4
Q
Ankle Dorsiflexion Test
(Hoppenfeld)
A
- “My patient presents with difficulty dorsiflexing the foot. I try and also cannot dorsiflex the foot with the knee in extension. I will place the knee in flexion and try again to dorsiflex the foot. One of two things will happen…”*
a. ( + ) the foot cannot dorsiflex with knee extended, but is able to with knee flexed
a. ( i ) contracture of the gastrocnemius muscle - b. ( + ) the foot cannot dorsiflex in either knee position
b. ( i ) contracture of the soleus muscle
5
Q
Anterior Apprehension Test
A
( + ) Patient will have a noticeable look of apprehension or alarm on their face with possible pain
( i ) Chronic anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint
6
Q
Anterior Inominate Test
(Mazion’s Pelvic Maneuver/Advancement Sign)
A
a. ( + ) radiating pain along sciatic nerve, either unilateral or bilateral
a. ( i ) sciatic neuralgia or radiculopathy
b. ( + ) low back pain (lumbar or pelvic region)
b. ( i ) anterior (rotational) displacement of ilium relative to the sacrum
7
Q
Anvil Test
A
( + ) Localized pain in long bone or hip joint
( i ) Possible fracture of long bones, or hip joint pathology
8
Q
Apley Compression Test
A
( + ) Patient points to side of pain
( i ) Pain on medial side is medial meniscus tear. Pain on the lateral side indicates lateral meniscus tear
9
Q
Apley Distraction Test
A
( + ) Patient points to side of pain
( i ) Pain on medial side is medial meniscus tear. Pain on the lateral side indicates lateral meniscus tear
10
Q
Apley Test
(Apley Scratch Superior/Inferior)
A
( + ) Exacerbation of pain
( i ) Degenerative tendonitis of rotator cuff tendons, usually supraspinatus
11
Q
Apprehension Test for the Patella
(Patellar Apprehension Test)
A
( + ) Apprehension, distress of facial expression, contraction of quadriceps to bring patella back in line
( i ) Chronic patella dislocation or pre-disposition to dislocation
12
Q
Bechterew Test
A
( + ) reproduction of radicular pain or inability to perform correctly due to tripod sign
( i ) sciatic radiculopathy
13
Q
Bounce Home Test
A
( + ) Knee does not go into full extension (slight flexion remains)
( i ) Diffuse swelling of the knee, accumulation of fluid due to possible torn meniscus
14
Q
Bowstring Sign
A
( + ) pain in lumbar region or radiculopathy
( i ) sciatic nerve root compression, this rules out tight hamstrings
15
Q
Bragard Sign
A
( + ) Radiating pain in posterior thigh
( i ) Sciatic radiculopathy
16
Q
Buckling Sign
(Cipriano)
A
( + ) Pain in the posterior thigh with sudden knee flexion or buckle
( i ) Sciatic radiculopathy
17
Q
Bunnel-Littler Test
A
- “My patient presents with an inability to flex their proximal interphalangeal joint. I place their metacarpophalangeal joint in extension and attempt to flex their proximal interphalangeal joint, and it does not flex. I then place their metacarpophalangeal joint in slight flexion. One of two things will happen…”*
a. ( + ) Flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint cannot be achieved
a. ( i ) Joint capsule contracture - b. ( + ) Flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint is achieved
b. ( i ) Tight intrinsic muscles
18
Q
Cervical Distraction
A
a. ( + ) Diminished or absence of local pain
a. ( i ) Foraminal encroachment
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
b. ( + ) Diminished or absence of radicular pain
b. ( i ) Nerve root compression
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
c. ( + ) Increase in cervical pain
c. ( i ) Muscular strain, ligamentous sprain, myospasm, facet capsulitis
19
Q
Cervical Spine Bony Palpation
A
hyoid bone
thyroid cartilage
first cricoid ring
mandible
mastoid processes
inion (EOP)
occiput
superior nuchal line
spinous processes of cervical vertebrae
facet joints
20
Q
Cervical Spine ROM
A
Flexion - 50°
Extension - 60°
Lateral Flexion/Bending (L/R) - 45°
Rotation (L/R) - 80°
21
Q
Cervical Spine Soft Tissue Palpation
A
sternocleidomastoid
anterior cervical chain
posterior cervical chain
carotid pulse
thyroid gland
supraclavicular fossa
trapezius
superior nuchal line
greater occipital nerves
22
Q
Cozen
A
( + ) Pain over the lateral epicondyle
( i ) Lateral epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)
23
Q
Dawbarn Test
A
( + ) Decrease in pain and/or tenderness
( i ) Subacromial bursitis
24
Q
Drawer Sign
(Anterior Drawer Sign of the Ankle)
A
( + ) Translation with the talus moving away from or toward the tibia
( i ) With tibia pushed/foot pulled; a tear/instability of the anterior talofibular ligament. With tibia pulled/foot pushed; a tear/instability of posterior talofibular ligament
25
**Drawer Test**
a. **( + )** Gapping more than 6mm (tibia moves posterior) when the leg is pushed
a. **( i )** torn posterior cruciate ligament
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
b. **( + )** Gapping more than 6mm (tibia moves anterior) when the leg is pulled
b. **( i )** torn anterior cruciate ligament
26
**Drop Arm Test**
| (Codman's Drop Arm Test)
( + ) Inability to lower the arm slowly or the arm drops suddenly
( i ) Rotator cuff tear, usually supraspinatus
27
**Dugas Test**
( + ) Inability to touch the opposite shoulder and/or inability of the elbow to touch the chest
( i ) Acute dislocation of the glenohumeral joint
28
**Elbow Bony Palpation**
medial epicondyle
groove for the ulnar nerve
trochlea
olecranon
olecranon fossa
lateral epicondyle
radial head
lateral supracondylar line of the humerus
medial supracondylar line of the humerus
29
**Elbow ROM**
Flexion 150°
Extension 0°
Forearm supination 80°
Forearm pronation 80°
30
**Elbow Soft Tissue Palpation**
biceps
triceps
brachial artery
supracondylar lymph nodes
medial collateral ligament
ulnar nerve
olecranon bursa
lateral collateral ligament
wrist flexor muscles:
- pronator teres
- flexor carpi radialis
- palmaris longus
- flexor carpi ulnaris
elbow flexor muscles (mobile wad of three)
- brachioradialis
- extensor carpi radialis longus
- extensor carpi radialis brevis
31
**Ely Heel to Buttock Test**
a. ( + ) inability to raise the thigh
a. ( i ) iliopsoas spasm
- - - - - - - - - - - -
b. ( + ) pain in anterior thigh
b. ( i ) inflammation of lumbar nerve roots
- - - - - - - - - - - -
c. ( + ) pain in lumbar region
c. ( i ) lumbar nerve rood adhesions
32
**Ely Heel to Buttock Test** - Hip and Pelvis
a. **( + )** Inability to raise the thigh
a. **( i )** Iliopsoas spasm
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
b. **( + )** Pain in the anterior thigh
b. **( i )** Inflammation of lumbar nerve roots
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
b. **( + )** Pain in the lumbar region
b. **( i )** Lumbar nerve root adhesions
33
**Ely Sign**
| (Ely Test - Cipriano)
*"I will be getting ready to perform Nachlas, Yeoman or Hibbs test..."*
**( + )** Hip on side being tested will flex, causing the buttock to raise off the table
**( i )** Rectus femoris or hip flexor contracture
34
**Evaluation of C5 Nerve Root**
Nerve Root: C5
Disc Level: C4
2 Muscle Tests:
- shoulder ABduction: deltoid (axillary nerve)
- forearm flexion: biceps (musculocutaneous)
Reflex: - biceps
Sensation: - lateral arm
35
**Evaluation of C6 Nerve Root**
Nerve Root: C6
Disc Level: C5
1 Muscle Test:
- wrist extension: extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris (radial nerve)
Reflex:
- brachioradialis
Sensation:
- anterior lateral forearm, palm, thumb and 2nd digit
36
**Evaluation of C7 Nerve Root**
Nerve Root: C7
Disc Level: C6
3 Muscle Tests:
- Elbow extension: triceps (radial nerve)
- Wrist flexion: flexor carpi radialis (median nerve), flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve)
- Finger extension: extensor digitorum communis, extensor indicis profundus, extensor digiti minimi (radial nerve)
Reflex: triceps
Sensation: 3rd digit, middle of palm
37
**Evaluation of C8 Nerve Root**
Nerve Root: C8
Disc Level: C7
1 Muscle Test:
- finger flexion: flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, lumbricals (median and ulnar nerves)
No Reflex
Sensation: 4th and 5th digits, antero-medial hand and forearm
38
**Evaluation of Nerve Root L4**
**Nerve Root:** L4
**Disc Level:** L3
**1 Muscle Test:**
- _Foot Dorsiflexion and Inversion:_
* tibialis anterior *(deep peroneal)*
**Reflex:** Patellar Tendon
**Sensation:** Medial aspect of leg, medial foot, medial aspect of big toe
39
**Evaluation of Nerve Root L5**
**Nerve Root:** L5
**Disc Level:** L4
**4 Muscle Tests:**
- _Foot Dorsiflexion_:
* peroneous tertious *(deep peroneal)*
* extensor digitorum longus and brevis *(deep peroneal)*
* extensor hallicus longus *(deep peroneal)*
- _Big Toe Dorsiflexion_:
* extensor hallicus longus *(deep peroneal)*
- _Toes 2,3,4 Dorsiflexion_:
* extensor digitorum longus and brevis *(deep peroneal)*
- _Hip and pelivs abduction_:
* gluteus medius and minimus *(superior gluteal)*
**Reflex**: none
**Sensation**: lateral leg, dorsum of foot, middle three toes
40
**Evaluation of Nerve Root S1**
**Nerve Root:** S1
**Disc Level:** L5
**3 Muscle Tests:**
- _Foot Plantarflexion and Eversion_:
* peroneus longus and brevis *(superficial peroneal)*
- _Foot Plantarflexion_:
* gastrocnemius and soleus *(tibial)*
- _Hip Extension_:
* gluteus medius and minimus (superior gluteal)
**Reflex**: none
**Sensation:** lateral leg, dorsum of foot, middle three toes
*\*S2 Sensation: posterior aspect of thigh over popliteal fossa onto posteromedial calf\**
41
**Evaluation of T1 Nerve Root**
Nerve Root: T1
Disc Level: T1
2 Muscle Tests:
- finger abduction: dorsal interossei (ulnar nerve)
- finger adduction: palmar interossei (ulnar nerve)
No Reflex
Sensation: antero-medial arm (distal aspect of arm to proximal aspect of forearm
42
**Finkelstein Test**
( + ) Pain distal to the radial styloid process
( i ) Stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons *(DeQuervain's Disease)*
43
**Foot and Ankle Bony Palpation**
medial malleolus
lateral malleolus
calcaneus
talus
cuboid
navicular
3 cuneiforms
5 metatarsals
metatarsophalangeal joints
sustentaculum tali
navicular tubercle
44
**Foot and Ankle ROM**
Ankle Dorsiflexion 20°
Ankle Plantarflexion 50°
Subtalar Inversion 5°
Subtalar Eversion 5°
1st MTP Joint Flexion
1st MTP Joint Extension
45
**Foot and Ankle Soft Palpation**
achilles tendon
fibular/peroneus brevis
tibialis posterior tendon
tibialis anterior tendon
deltoid ligament
spring ligament
anterior talofibular ligament
dorsal pedal artery
posterior tibial artery
plantar aponeurosis
46
**Foraminal Compression**
a. ( + ) Exacerbation of *localized* cervical pain
a. ( i ) Foraminal encroachment or facet pathology *without* nerve root compression
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
b. ( + ) Exacerbation of cervical pain with a *radicular* element
b. ( i ) Foraminal encroachment or facet pathology *with* nerve root compression
47
**Gaenslen Test**
( + ) Pain on the affected sacroiliac joint when stressed into extension
( i ) General sacroiliac joint lesion, anterior sacroiliac ligament sprain, or inflammation of the sacroiliac joint
48
**Goldthwait Sign**
( + ) localized pain, low back pain or pain radiating down the leg
( i ) lumbosacral or sacroiliac pathology
- pain occuring after lumbar spinouses move = possible lumbosacral problem
- pain occurring before lumbar spinouses move = possible sacroiliac problem
49
**Golfer's Elbow Test**
( + ) Pain over the medial epicondyle
( i ) Medial Epicondylitis *(Golfer's Elbow)*
50
**Heel Walk**
( + ) inability to perform test
( i ) L4-L5 disc lesion (L5 nerve root)
51
**Hibb Test**
a. ( + ) Pain in the hip region
a. ( i ) Hip joint pathology
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
b. ( + ) Pain in the buttock/pelvic region
b. ( i ) Sacroiliac joint lesion
52
**Hip and Pelvis ROM**
Flexion 120°
Extension 30°
ABduction 45°
ADduction 45°
Internal Rotation 45°
External Rotation 45°
Flexion & ADduction
Flexion, ABduction and External Rotation
53
**Hip Bony Palpation**
_Anterior:_
ASIS
iliac crest
iliac tubercle
greater trochanter
_Posterior:_
PSIS
ischial tuberosity
coccyx
54
**Hip Soft Tissue Palpation**
Femoral Triangle Borders
- sartorius
- adductor longus
- inguinal ligament
Quadriceps Muscles
- vastus lateralis
- vastus medius
- vastus intermedius
- rectus femoris
greater trochanteric bursa
gluteus medius
gluteus maximus
sciatic nerve
cluneal nerves
Hamstrings
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
55
**Homan's Sign**
**( + )** deep pain in the calf
**( i )** deep vein thrombophlebitis (DVT)
56
**Hoover Sign**
( + ) lack of counter pressure on the healthy side
( i ) lack of organic basis for paralysis (malingering/hysteria)
- with organic hemipalegia, patient will still exert downward pressure when attempting to raise the paralyzed leg
57
**Impingement Sign**
( + ) Pain in the shoulder
( i ) Overuse injury to the supraspinatus and possibly biceps tendon
58
**Kernig Sign**
( + ) Inability to fully extend the leg and/or pain (usually in the neck region)
( i ) Meningeal irritation, or meningitis
59
**Knee Bony Palpation**
patella
tibial tubercle
medial tibial plateau
medial femoral condyle
lateral tibial plateau
lateral femoral condyle
fibular head
60
**Knee ROM**
Flexion 135°
Extension 0°
Internal Rotation
External Rotation
61
**Knee Soft Palpation**
Quadriceps muscles
- rectus femoris
- vastus intermedius
- vastus medialis
- vastus lateralis
Bursae
- prepatellar bursa
- infrapetellar tendon
- superficial infrapatellar bursa
medial collateral ligament
lateral collateral ligament
medial mensicus
lateral meniscius
Pes anserine Area
- sartorius
- gracilis
- semitendinosus
gastrocnemius muscle
popliteal fossa
62
**Lachman Test**
**( + )** Gapping with the tibia moving away from the femur
**( i )** Anterior cruciate ligament or posterior oblique ligament instability
63
**Laguerre Test**
a. ( + ) Pain in the hip joint
a. ( i ) Hip joint pathology
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
b. ( + ) Pain in the sacroiliac joint
b. ( i ) Mechanical problem of the sacroiliac joint
64
**Lasegue Test**
( + ) Reproduction of sciatic pain before 60°
( i ) Sciatica
65
**Lateral Collateral Ligament Test**
| (Adduction Stress Test)
( + ) Excessive gapping and pain
( i ) Lateral collateral ligament instability
66
**Lateral Collateral Ligament Test**
| (Adduction/Varus Stress Test)
**( + )** gapping and/or elicited pain above/at/or below joint line
**( i )** torn lateral colllateral ligament
67
**Leg Length Discrepancy**
a. ( + ) different measurements in true leg length
a. ( i ) bony abnormality above or below the level of trochanter difference (anatomical short leg)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
b. ( + ) different measurement in apparent leg length
b. ( i ) pelvic obliquity (tilted pelvis)
68
**Lewin-Gaenslen Test**
( + ) Pain on the affected sacroiliac joint when stressed into extension
( i ) General sacroiliac joint lesion, anterior sacroiliac ligament sprain, or inflammation of the sacroiliac joint
69
**Lewing Standing Test**
( + ) radiating pain down the leg causing sudden flexion of the knee or knees
( i ) gluteal, lumbosacral or sacroiliac pathologies
70
**Lumbar Spine Bony Palpation**
iliac crest
lumbar spinous processes
PSIS
sacral tubercles
71
**Lumbar Spine ROM**
Flexion: 25°
Extension: 30°
R/L Lateral Bending: 25°
R/L Rotation: 30°
72
**Lumbar Spine Soft Tissue Palpation**
anterior abdominal muscles
paraspinal muscles
- iliocostalis
- longissimus
- spinalis
sciatic nerve
gluteus medius
gluteus maximus
hamstrings
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
73
**McMurray's Sign**
**( + )** clicking sound or pain by the knee joint
**( i )** Tear of medial meniscus if positive is on external rotation. Tear of lateral meniscus of positive is on internal rotation.
\*The higher the leg is raised during extension when positive is elicited, the more posterior the meniscal injury.
74
**Medial Collateral Ligament Test**
| (Abduction/Valgus Stress Test)
**( + )** gapping and/or elicited pain above/at/or below joint line
**( i )** torn medial colllateral ligament
75
**Medial Collateral Ligament Test**
| (Abduction Stress Test)
( + ) Excessive gapping and pain
( i ) Medial collateral ligament instability
76
**Milgram's Test**
( + ) inability to perform test and/or low back pain
( i ) weak abdominal muscles or space occupying lesion
77
**Mills Test**
| (Mills Maneuver/Evans)
( + ) Pain over the lateral epicondyle
( i ) Lateral epicondylitis *(Tennis Elbow)*
78
**Morton Test**
**( + )** sharp pain in the forefoot
**( i )** metatarsalgia or neuroma (usually at the 3rd and 4th metatarsal interspace)
79
**Nachlas Test**
**( + )** Pain in the buttock and/or pain in the lumbar region
**( i )** Sacroiliac joint lesion, or lumbar pathology
80
**Neri Bowing Test**
( + ) pain accompanied by flexion of the knee on the affected side with possible body rotation away from affected side
( i ) positive for a variety of low back pathologies. Hamstring tension on the pelvis may trigger a response
81
**Ober Test**
| (Ober Position)
**( + )** Affected thigh remains in ABduction
**( i )** Contraction of the iliotibial band, secondary to synovitis of the hip. or, contraction of the tensor fascia lata, secondary to trauma of the gluteus medius and maximus.
82
**O'Donogue Maneuver**
( + ) Pain during *passive* range of motion
( i ) Ligamentous sprain
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
( + ) Pain during *active* range of motion
( i ) Muscle or tendon strain
83
**Patella Ballottment Test**
**( + )** A floating sensation of the patella
**( i )** A large amount of swelling in the knee
84
**Patella Femoral Grinding Test**
| (Clarke Sign)
**( + )** Retropatellar pain and the patient is unable to hold the quadriceps contraction
**( i )** Degenerative changes of the patellar facets and/or within the trochlear groove (chondromalacia patella)
85
**Patrick Test**
| (FABERE Sign)
( + ) Pain in the hip region
( i ) Hip joint pathology
86
**Pelvic Rock Test**
| (Iliac Compression Test)
**( + )** Pain in either sacroiliac joint
**( i )** Sacroiliac joint lesion
87
**Phalen Sign**
*Patient would hold this position for 60 seconds or until the point of pain. 58, 59, 60...*
( + ) Reproduction of pain, tenderness and/or paresthesia in the median nerve distribution area (thumb, 2nd, 3rd and lateral half of 4th digits)
( i ) Median neuritis, possibly Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
88
**Posterior Apprehension Test**
( + ) Patient will have a noticeable look of apprehension or alarm on their face with possible pain
( i ) Chronic posterior disloaction of the glenohumeral joint
89
**Retinacular Test**
* "My patient presents with an inability to flex their distal interphalangeal joint. I place their proximal interphalangeal joint in extension and attempt to flex their distal interphalangeal joint, and it does not flex. I then place their proximal interphalangeal joint in slight flexion. One of two things will happen..."*
a. ( + ) Flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint cannot be achieved
a. ( i ) Joint capsule contracture
- - - - - - - - - - -
b. ( + ) Flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint is achieved
b. ( i ) Tight retinacular ligament
90
**Reverse Phalen Sign**
| (Prayer Sign)
*Patient would hold this position for 60 seconds or until the point of pain. 58, 59, 60...*
( + ) Reproduction of pain, tenderness and/or paresthesia in the median nerve distribution area (thumb, 2nd, 3rd and lateral half of 4th digits)
( i ) Median neuritis, possibly Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
91
**Rigid or Supple Flat Feet Test**
| (Hoppenfeld)
a. **( + )** absence of medial longitudinal arch in both positions
a. **( i )** rigid flat feet
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
b. **( + )** presence of medial longitudinal arch while seated with a loss of medial longitudinal arch while standing
b. **( i )** supple flat feet
92
**Shoulder Bony Palpation**
sternoclavicular articulation
clavicle
acromioclavicular articulation
acromion process
spine of the scapula
body of the scapula
scapulothroacic articulation
coracoid process
greater tuberosity
bicipital groove
lesser tuberosity
93
**Shoulder Depression Test**
a. ( + ) *Localized* pain on the side being tested
a. ( i ) Dural sleeve adhesion, and muscular adhesion or contracture, or spasm, or ligamentous injury
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
b. ( + ) *Radicular* pain on side being tested
b. ( i ) Neurovascular bundle compression, dural sleeve adhesions or Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
c. ( + ) Radicular pain on *opposite* side being tested
c. ( i ) Foraminal encroachment with nerve root compression
94
**Shoulder Soft Tissue Palpation**
Prominent Muscles
* sternocleidomastoid
* biceps
* deltoid
* anterior
* middle
* posterior
* trapezius
* rhomboid
* major
* minor
Rotator Cuff Muscles
* supraspinatus
* infraspinatus
* teres minor
* subscapularis
Subacromial bursa
Subdeltoid bursa
Axillary borders
* pectoralis major
* latissimus dorsi
* serratus anterior
* axillary lymph nodes
* bicipital tendon
95
**Shoulder ROM**
Flexion 180°
Extension 60°
Abduction 180°
Adduction 50°
External rotation 90°
Internal rotation 70°
Scapular Retraction
Scapular Protraction
Scapular Elevation
96
**Soto-Hall Sign**
( + ) Generalized pain in the cervical region, which may extend down to the level of T2
( i ) Non-specific test for structural integrity of cervical region
97
**Speed Test**
( + ) Pain and/or tenderness in the bicipital groove
( i ) Bicipital tendonitis
98
**Spinal Percussion**
a. ( + ) *Local* pain
a. ( i ) Possible fractured vertebrae, ligamentous involvement if there is spinous pain, and or muscular involvement if there is muscular pain.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
b. ( + ) *Radiating* pain
b. ( i ) Possible disc pathology
99
**Straight Leg Raiser (SLR)**
( + ) Radiating pain and/or dull posterior thigh pain
( i ) Sciatic radiculopathy or tight hamstrings:
- Positive between 35-70° = possible discogenic sciatic radiculopathy
- Positive over 70° = tight hamstrings
100
**Swallowing Test**
( + ) Difficulty in swallowing
( i ) Space-occupying lesion at anterior portion of cervical spine. Possibly esophageal or pharyngeal injury, anterior disc defect, muscle spasm or osteophytes, etc.
101
**Thomas Test**
( + ) Lumbar spine maintains lordosis and hip or leg flexes
( i ) Contracture of the hip flexors, iliopsoas
102
**Thompson Test**
**( + )** absence of foot plantarflexion motion
**( i )** achilles tendon rupture
103
**Tinel Elbow Sign**
\*Introduce patient to reflex hammer, ask permission to proceed
( + ) Pain and/or tenderness at the site being tapped with paresthesia in the ulnar nerve distribution area, digits 4 and 5
( i ) Neuroma of the ulnar nerve
104
**Tinel Wrist Sign**
*\*Introduce patient to reflex hammer, ask permission to proceed*
( + ) Reproduction of pain, tenderness and/or paresthesia in the median nerve distribution area (thumb, 2nd, 3rd and lateral half of 4th digits)
( i ) Median neuritis, possibly Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
105
**Toe Walk**
( + ) inability to perform test
( i ) L5-S1 disc lesion (S1 nerve root)
106
**Trendelenburg Test**
**( + )** High iliac crest on supported side and low iliac crest on side of elevated leg
**( i )** Weak gluteus muscle on the supported side
107
**Valsalva Maneuver**
( + ) radiating pain from the site of lesion, usually recreating the complaint in cervical or lumbar spine
( i ) space occupying lesion, possible disc pathology
108
**Valsava Maneuver**
( + ) Radiating pain from site of lesion (usually recreating the complaint in cervical or lumbar area of the spine)
( i ) Space-occupying lesion such as disc pathology
109
**Wrist and Hand ROM**
Flexion 80°
Extension 70°
Ulnar deviation 30°
Radial deviation 20°
110
**Wrist Bony Palpation**
radial styloid process
scaphoid (navicular)
Lister's tubercle (dorsal tubercle)
lunate
capitate
ulnar styloid process
triquetrium
pisiform
hook of hamate
trapezium
trapezoid
metacarpals
phalanges
111
**Wrist Soft Tissue Palpation**
radial artery
ulnar artery
palmaris longus tendon
thenar eminence
hypothenar eminence
palmar aponeurosis
carpal tunnel region
tissues surrounding proximal interphalangeal joints
tissues surrounding distal interphalangeal joints distal
tufts of fingers
112
**Yeoman Test**
**( + )** Pain deep in the sacroiliac joint
**( i )** Sprain of the anterior sacroiliac ligaments
113
**Yergason Test**
| (Cipriano)
( + ) a. Localized pain or tenderness in the bicipital groove
( i ) a. Bicipital tendonitis
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
( + ) b. Audible click or dislocation of biceps tendon
( i ) b. instability of the biceps tendon possibly associated with a torn transverse humeral ligament
