Current - psychological and biological treatments

Question 1

What is Psychotherapy?

Answer 1

A psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives.

Question 2

Who offers psychological services?

Answer 2

Clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, clinical social workers and others.

Question 3

What are Insight Therapies?

Answer 3

Psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic and group approaches with the goal of expanding awareness or insight.
* These therapy forms try to understand the roots of different problems (This is typically done by exploring an individuals past and changing it to focus in on the now or the present)

Question 4

What do some Insight Therapies explore?

Answer 4

How the person’s past impacts their present patterns of thought and behaviour.

Question 5

What are the types of Insight Therapies?

Answer 5

• Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapies
• Humanistic therapies
• Group therapies/social groups (AA)

Question 6

What causes problems according to Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Therapies?

Answer 6

Conflicts in the unconscious mind.
* focuses on the conflicts within the unconscious mind that alters our growth patterns
* it is thought that by gaining insight on these matters then we are able to help people cope and go beyond their psychological issues

Question 7

What are the therapeutic process in Psychoanalysis? Briefly describe each one.

Answer 7

• Free association: clients express themselves without holding back and speaks freely
• Interpreation: how the therapist creates hypothesis or prediction of the relationships between conscious and unconscious information
• Dream analysis: this is thought that dreams had symbols that represented the underlying problem
• Resistance: avoiding confrontation with the unconcious reality
• Transfereance: client’s projections of expectations and different feelings onto the therapist as if they were an uconscious character
• Working through: a long term process of nagivating life situation that may be similar to the past

Question 8

What does Free Association involve?

Answer 8

Clients express themselves without censorship of any sort.

Question 9

What is Transference in Psychoanalysis?

Answer 9

Clients project intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations from their past onto the therapist.

Question 10

What is a criticism of Psychodynamic and Psychodynamic Approaches?

Answer 10

Insight is not necessary for relieving psychological symptoms or changing behaviour.
* concepts within this method are also unfalsible (example: the dream analysis part)
* they do not consider non-specific factors (therapists do not ultimately care and listen to our problems)
* build off freudian foundations
* not effective for some disorders (they do not prevent the biological changes that happen in all of the conditions)
* Poor evidence for repressed memories
* The therapists maybe implant false memories into the patients

Question 11

What do Humanistic Therapies emphasize?

Answer 11

The development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive.
* this method focuses on conscious evidence and the clients goals (therapists become less directive and rather just guide the patients)
* this method thinks that mental health problems are a result of burdens and higher expectations
* it is thought that individuals can improve their well beings by taking on their discussion making

Question 12

Who is associated with Person-Centred Therapy?

Answer 12

Carl Rogers.

Question 13

What is critical for living fully according to Humanistic Perspective?

Answer 13

Assumption of responsibility for decisions.

Question 14

What is a mixed finding regarding Humanistic Perspectives?

Answer 14

More effective than no therapy but may not be as effective as other methods long-term.

Question 15

What do Behavioural Therapies focus on?

Answer 15

Specific problem behaviours and on current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviour.
*

Question 16

What is Exposure Therapy?

Answer 16

Therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear.
* this is the process of exposing people to what they are scared of

Question 17

What is Systematic Desensitization?

Answer 17

Patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner.
* When bing exposed to the stimuli that they fear, we need to develop coping methods that allows us to relax (this then reduced the experiences that we witness to certain stimuli)

Question 18

What are Cognitive-Behavioural Therapies designed to do?

Answer 18

Replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions and behaviours with more adaptive rational cognitions and behaviours.
* It is thought that we learn bad patterns of thinking
* this recognizes both the maladaptive patterns and behaviour

Question 19

What is a core principle of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT)?

Answer 19

Psychological problems are based, in part, on faulty or unhelpful ways of thinking.
* focuses on specific problem behaviours and variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feeling, and behaviour
* this method focuses on the reinforcement side and views individuals at the history of behaviours over time
* this is done through classical, operant, and observational learning principals

Question 20

What is Psychopharmacotherapy?

Answer 20

The use of medications to treat psychological problems.
* These are processes that alter brain chemistry and the ways the neurons work but does not correct the underlying medical problem
* this method produces side effect that happen because it chemically alters different aspects of our bodies

Question 21

What is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?

Answer 21

Patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure to treat serious psychological problems.
* This method tries to “solve” depression
* the side effect usually are brief however some people believe that there are long lasting effects

Question 22

What is Psychosurgery?

Answer 22

Brain surgery to treat psychological disorders; a radical, last-resort option.

Question 23

Fill in the blank: The therapeutic process in Psychoanalysis includes _______.

Answer 23

Free Association, Interpretation, Dream Analysis, Resistance, Transference, Working Through.

Question 24

What are one of the focuses of Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapies?

Answer 24

• The fixation or a traumatic childhood experience that leads to changes in psychological behaviour
• The therapist answers the thoughts, wishes, or what individuals avoid thinking about while considering behaviour patterns and past experiences

Question 25

What is psychoanalysis therapy form?

Answer 25

* This is a form of therapy that focuses on a form of unconcious * This form examines the repressed urgrues and feelings and compare them to the range of our feelings and traits (The goal is to uncover repressed events or points of fixation that is a result from childhood events) * this method still focuses in on the frued's three perspectives

Question 26

What is the Psychodynamic tradition therapy method?

Answer 26

* This is a form of coping that focuses on a significant roles of conscious taking place and that that individuals are able to change their behaviour (They do not deny the unconcious component of what is going on) * This method is more of a short term process and tends to be shorter than therapy methods that use Frued's principals

Question 27

What specifically did Carl Roger characterize Person-Centred Therapy as?

Answer 27

* A therapist must provide a non-judemental and comfortable for the client (individuals did better when they created their own goals) * The doctor has to be authentic and genuine (must act like themselves and provides more of a two way conversation) * He aimed for all people to try to help themselves with a little bit of guidance

Question 28

What is the current forms of practices that are being used in modern times for therapy?

Answer 28

* most methods currently used involve aspects of Roger's theories (this is because then individuals build a stronger relationship with their doctor's and tended to produce better help outcomes) * It has shown that compared to no therapy methods, this was the produced the best outcomes (however, these methods did not show it is more effective in the long run) * It was thought that this process was better when used in terms of short term treatments

Question 29

What are criticisms of modern therapy methods?

Answer 29

* it is thought that humans are just inheirently good and that we will exhibit empathy for some of their situations but this is not just all what humans are * It is thought that by understanding certain things it helps us process different information

Question 30

What is the ecological momentary assessment?

Answer 30

this is the process that allows us to better understand physiological aspects and can be used to test or provide the individuals with surveys throughout the day (this eliminate us forgetting certain events with specific responses)

Question 31

What is reciporical inhibitation?

Answer 31

* this is the idea of facing a fear a small steps at a time through different events where we have smaller encounters with fear to a larger event that produced more stress

Question 32

What is flooding?

Answer 32

* This is a process where the client is exposed to their fear directly and all at once * Avoidence behaviour is then avoided when exposed all at once and being forced to stay there

Question 33

What are an implamentation event?

Answer 33

* these are events that are created and try to enforce in order to change behaviour patterns