Psychology and Science (unit 1)

Question 1

Evidence Based definition

Answer 1

development or creation of materials that have been composed by scientific literature or guided by principals of scientific investigation

Question 2

which form of studying is proven to be least effective

Answer 2

rereading notes and highlighting

Question 3

naturally what are human beings drawn to in terms of studying techniques?

Answer 3

ineffective techniques

Question 4

Learning styles definition

Answer 4

the idea of people learning differently based on the method of instruction or mode of instruction (visual learning, etc.)

Question 5

True or False: learning styles are scientifically supported?

Answer 5

False; there is scientific evidence stating that type of instruction or method of instruction will produce better learning results

Question 6

Growth mindset definition

Answer 6

the belief that someone views intellegence and learning are developed which therefor shows that change can positivily occur

Question 7

fixed mindset definition

Answer 7

the belief that someone views intellegence and learning as something one just has and can not be developed; extra work shows that you lack this quality since more time is required to understand

Question 8

Who is likely to achieve more, a person with a growth or fixed mindset?

Answer 8

A person with a growth mindset due to the characteristics that occur in terms of this type of thinking

Question 9

what are the characteristics of a growth mindset

Answer 9

• embraces challenges
• overcomes obstacles
• view effort as the path to mastery
• learn from critisium
• finds lessons and inspirations from other peoples successes

Question 10

what are the characteristics of fixed mindsets?

Answer 10

• avoids challenges
• gives up easily
• views effort as no worth it
• ignores negative feedback
• feels threatened by other peoples successes

Question 11

Which type of mindset will give higher success rates?

Answer 11

growth mindsets

Question 12

What is psychology

Answer 12

the scientific study of the mind, brain. and behaviour

Question 13

what is levels of analysis in psychological displine?

Answer 13

how certain things connect to either biological influences or social/cultural influences

Question 14

mind definition

Answer 14

the brain in action

Question 15

why are psychological influences hard to define the definite cause?

Answer 15

Often the causes are highly similuiar and are closely related or rely upon each other; causes can also be from multiple factors at once

Question 16

What are the five factor that make psychology complex to study?

Answer 16

1) behaviour is difficult to predict
2) psychological influences are often related an
3)everyone is unquic in terms of different behaviour, emotion, etc.
4) everyone is influenced by there surrounding peers
5) culture

Question 17

naive realism definition

Answer 17

the belief of seeing the world how it is; seeing is believing

Question 18

Why is common sense still useful in psychology if it is still somewhat faulty?

Answer 18

common sense is a large asset when generating scientific hypthesis, which leads to further investigations

Question 19

science definition

Answer 19

systematic approach of evidence

Question 20

scientific theory definition

Answer 20

an explaination for a large number of findings in the natural and psychological world; must be able to generate hypothesis

Question 21

what are the two misconceptions of a scientific theory?

Answer 21

1) a theory explains one specific event
2) a theory is just an educated guess

Question 22

what are the two most crucial bias that scientist tend to display?

Answer 22

1) confirmation bias
2) belief perserverance

Question 23

confirmation bias definition

Answer 23

the tendency to seek out data or evidence that will only support our beliefs on the matter and will not support any evidence contridicting our claims

Question 24

Belief perserverance definition

Answer 24

the tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence tends to contradicts it

Question 25

metaphysical claims definitions

Answer 25

claims about the world that can not be tested (can never be tested using scientific methods)

Question 26

popular psychology definition

Answer 26

a form of psychology that is easily accessible by the public and is relativily straightforward

Question 27

how do people commonly access popular psychology?

Answer 27

self help books
articles
movies
internet

Question 28

Pseudoscience definition

Answer 28

a set of claims that is thought to be scientific but is not.

Question 29

Ad hoc immunizing theory definition

Answer 29

an escape hatch or loop hole that is used to defend a theory from being proven incorrect

Question 30

What are the 5 warning signs of pseudosciences

Answer 30

• exaggerated claims
• overetiance on anecdotes
• overuse of ad hoc immunizing hypthesis
• lack of self correction
• mention of prood instead of evidence

Question 31

what are the three dangers of pseudosciences?

Answer 31

1) opptunity costs: picking one treatment over another
2)direct harm: can cause more damage, injuries or even death
3)can lead to the inability to think scientifically

Question 32

Scientific Skepticism definition

Answer 32

evalutating claims with an open mind but insists on persausive evidence before accepting evidence

Question 33

Scientific thinking definition

Answer 33

a form of thinking that allows us to evaluate scientific claims in any setting

Question 34

what are thing 6 prinicpals of scientific thinking framework

Answer 34

1) ruling out rival hypotheses
2) coorelation is no causation
3) falsifability
4)replicablitiy
5) extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence
6)occam’s razor

Question 35

what is the first principal of scientific thinking and its basic framework

Answer 35

ruling out rival hypotheses; considering alternative explanations to the findings (ie. are these results actually from ths event,

Question 36

what is the second principal of scientific thinking

Answer 36

correlation is not causation; just because two things are associated it does not mean that they cause eachother (a causes b, b causes a, or c causes both a and : the three explanations)

Question 37

what is the third principal of scientific thinking

Answer 37

must be possible to disprove a claim (applies to the claims, hypotheses, and theories) ALL MEANINGFUL CLAIMS ARE FALSIFIABLE

Question 38

What is the fourth principal of scientific thinking

Answer 38

replicability; the ability to reproduce findings and get the same or simiular results (confirms that the first results are correct) with this principal you must be able to get simuliar results while you change some elements of the experiment

Question 39

What is the fifth principal of scientific thinking

Answer 39

extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence; means if we find a statement of evidence that goes against evidence we already know, then the evidence must be strong

Question 40

What is the last principal of scientific thinking

Answer 40

occam’s razor; if there are multiple explations for one event then the simplest observation is best

Question 41

theoretical frameworks definition

Answer 41

prespectives that guide how people think about psychological phenomena and behaviour

Question 42

what are the 5 major theoretical frameworks for pyschology

Answer 42

1)structuralsim
2)functionalism
3) behaviourism
4) congnitivism
5)psychoanalysis