cv

Question 1

functions of the heart

Answer 1

maintain HR
perfusion
control BP

Question 2

labs for cv problems

Answer 2

cholesterol
HDL
LDL
triglycerides
troponin T and I

Question 3

cholesterol

Answer 3

<200 indicates risk for CAD

Question 4

HDL

Answer 4

“happy cholesterol”
>40

Question 5

LDL

Answer 5

“low/depressed cholesterol”
<100

Question 6

triglycerides

Answer 6

<150

Question 7

troponin T and I

Answer 7

<0.05

Question 8

complications of HTN

Answer 8

stroke, MI, kidney failure, death

Question 9

primary HTM

Answer 9

130-139/80-89

Question 10

secondary HTN

Answer 10

> 140/90

Question 11

hypertensive crisis

Answer 11

180/120

Question 12

risk factors of primary HTN

Answer 12

family hx
black
hyperlipidemia
smoking
>60 years
excessive sodium intake
overweight
physical inactivity
excess alc.
excessive/continuous stress

Question 13

risk factors of secondary HTN

Answer 13

kidney dse
primary aldosteronism
cushings
pregnancy
brain tumors
OSA
drugs (estrogen, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sympathomimetics)

Question 14

s/s of HTN

Answer 14

ABC
-achy/anxiety
-blurred vision
-chest pain
facial flushing
dizziness
nosebleeds
dyspnea
fainting

Question 15

s/s of HTN crisis

Answer 15

severe headache
extremely high BP
SOB
epistaxis (nose bleeds)
severe anxiety

Question 16

treatment for HTN crisis

Answer 16

semi-fowlers position
oxygen
IV drugs
monitor BP q5-15min until diastolic is below 90 but not less than 75, then monitor q30mins
observe for neuro or cardio complications such as sz, numbness, weakness, tingling, dysrhythmias, CP

Question 17

assessment for HTN

Answer 17

obtain BP (appropriate size, manual, both arms)
consider “white coat” syndrome

Question 18

lisinopril

Answer 18

ACE inhibitor
hold if SBP <100 (do not want pt to bottom out)
assess: BP
SE: A (angioedema, C (cough), E (electrolyte imbalances; hyponatremia, hyperkalemia)

Question 19

losartan

Answer 19

ARB
hold if SBP <100 (do not want pt to bottom out)
assess: BP
SE: hyperkalemia

Question 20

metoprolol

Answer 20

beta blocker
hold if HR <60, SBP <90
assess: HR, BP
SE: depression, fatigue, sexual dysfunction

Question 21

amlodipine

Answer 21

CCB
teaching: avoid grapefruit/grape juice (enhances drug leading to organ dysfunction or death)

Question 22

furosemide (loop) & hydrochlorothiazide (thiazide)

Answer 22

diuretic
eat foods high in K, monitor electrolyte levels

Question 23

spironolactone

Answer 23

potassium sparing diuretic
eat foods low in K, report weakness or irregular pulses can indicate hyperkalemia

Question 24

HTN interventions

Answer 24

DREW
D: dash diet
R: reduce sodium intake
E: education on smoking cessation, alc., relaxation techniques
W: weight reduction

Question 25

afib

Answer 25

multiple rapid pulses

Question 26

risk factors of afib

Answer 26

HTN previous ischemic stroke transient ischemic attack CAD DM obesity alc use mitral valve dse

Question 27

s/s of afib

Answer 27

irregular pulses dizziness anxiety palpitation chest discomfort/pain hypotension may be asymptomatic

Question 28

how to diagnose afib

Answer 28

12-lead EKG

Question 29

medications for afib

Answer 29

ABC anticoagulants: warfarin, teach avoid foods rich in vit K beta blockers: metoprolol CCB: diltiazem K channel blocker: amiodarone

Question 30

procedures for afib

Answer 30

shock ablasion tissue in heart to prevent firing

Question 31

afib education

Answer 31

monitor BP, HR report changes in heart rhythm medication teachings