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CVPR > CV - arrhythmias > Flashcards

CV - arrhythmias Flashcards

1
Q

in arrhythmias, look for the ____________!

A

P wave

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2
Q

in arrhythmias, look for the ____________!

A

P wave

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3
Q

sinus tachycardia is defined as a regular, fast heart rate of ____________ bpm.

A

> 100

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4
Q

name 5 examples of sympathetic activation

A 
exercise
emotion
hypotension
response to acute lung or abdominal pathology
thyrotoxicosis
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5
Q

sinus bradycardia is defined as a regular, slow heart rate of ____________ bpm

A
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6
Q

bradycardia may occur due to high parasympathetic or vagal activity, as in what three vagotonic states?

A

faintness
sick sinus syndrome
inferior myocardial infarct

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7
Q

bradycardia may occur due to high parasympathetic or vagal activity, as in what three vagotonic states?

A

faint
sick sinus syndrome
inferior myocardial infarct

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8
Q

what is the treatments for sinus bradycardia?

A

none (typically)
atropine
pacemaker if symptomatic

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9
Q

what is the treatments for sinus bradycardia?

A

none
atropine
pacemaker if symptomatic

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10
Q

sinus tachycardia is defined as a regular, fast heart rate of ____________ bpm.

A

> 100

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11
Q

name 5 examples of sympathetic activation

A 
exercise
emotion
hypotension
response to acute lung or abdominal pathology
thyrotoxicosis
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12
Q

what are the ECG findings of a first-degree AV block?

A

prolonged PR interval

increased junctional delay

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13
Q

bradycardia is typically seen in what group of healthy people?

A

athletes

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14
Q

bradycardia may occur due to high parasympathetic or vagal activity, as in what three vagotonic states?

A

faint
sick sinus syndrome
inferior myocardial infarct

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15
Q

what is the treatment for sinus tachycardia?

A

usually none

beta-blockers in thyrotoxicosis

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16
Q

what is the treatments for sinus bradycardia?

A

none
atropine
pacemaker if symptomatic

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17
Q

define sick sinus syndrome

A

also called sinus dysfunction or sinoatrial node disease, a group of abnormal heart rhythms presumably caused by a malfunction of the sinoatrial node

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18
Q

typically 20% of atrial filling occurs during ____________.

A

ventricular contraction

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19
Q

QRS width indicates the location of the block - if the QRS is ____________, the block is likely higher in the conduction system, and if the QRS is ____________, the block is likely lower in the conduction system.

A

narrow

broad

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20
Q

what is the general appearance of a premature ventricular contraction (PVC) on an ECG?

A

wide and abnormal QRS deflection,
do not affect the P wave - may skip a P wave
do not affect the sinoatrial node

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21
Q

define a second degree AV block

A

some P waves conduct but some do not

22
Q

what are the subtypes of second degree AV block?

A

mobitz 1

23
Q

describe a mobitz 1 (wenckebach) second degree AV block

A

progressive lengthening of the PR interval followed by a nonconductive P wave

usually benign, usually does not progress

frequently seen in small, inferior infarcts

24
Q

define a third degree AV block (complete heart block)

A

none of the P waves conduct

there is no relationship between P waves and QRS - P wave rate is faster than QRS rate

25
Q

what is a high-risk complication of atrial flutter?

A

clots in the atria

26
Q

what are the treatments for atrial flutter?

A

anticoagulation
rate control with drugs (beta blockers, calcium blockers, digitalis compounds i.e. digoxin)
cardioversion (electrical shock)
ablation

27
Q

QRS width indicates the location of the block - if the QRS is ____________, the block is likely higher in the conduction system, and if the QRS is ____________, the block is likely lower in the conduction system.

A

narrow

broad

28
Q

what is the general appearance of a ventricular premature beat on an ECG?

A

wide beat, ventricular in origin
do not affect the P wave
do not affect the sinoatrial node

29
Q

what are other treatments for atrial tachycardia?

A

vagal maneuver (carotid massage)
beta blocker
verapamil or diltiazem

30
Q

define atrial fibrillation

A

abnormal, completely irregular heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating potentially leading to ischemia and heart failure

“irregularly irregular” ventricular rhythm

31
Q

what are the ECG findings associated with atrial fibrillation?

A

no P waves
chaotic atrial depolarizations at >/=350 bpm creating an undulating baseline

“irregularly irregular” QRS

32
Q

who typically presents with atrial fibrillation?

A 
NI subjects ("lone Afib")
aging
emotional stress
post-operative
heart disease
hyperthyroidism
33
Q

what complications are associated with atrial fibrillation?

A

rapid heart rate - ischemia, heart failure
loss of atrial kick - heart failure
atrial thrombi - embolic stroke

34
Q

what are the treatments for atrial fibrillation?

A

anticoagulation
rate control with drugs
cardioversion
ablation

35
Q

atrial tachycardia is a rapid heart rate of ____________ displaying a ____________ QRS segment and ____________ P waves.

A

> /= 150 bpm
narrow
present but abnormal

36
Q

what is the typical treatment for atrial tachycardia?

A

adenosine

37
Q

what are other treatments for atrial tachycardia?

A

vagal maneuver (carotid massage)
beta blocker
verapamil or diltiazem

38
Q

define atrial fibrillation

A

abnormal, completely irregular heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating

39
Q

what are the ECG findings associated with atrial fibrillation?

A

no P waves
chaotic atrial depolarizations at >/=350 bpm creating an undulating baseline

“irregularly irregular” QRS

40
Q

who typically presents with atrial fibrillation?

A 
NI subjects ("lone Afib")
aging
emotional stress
post-operative
heart disease
hyperthyroidism
41
Q

what is “larry’s awesome algorithm” for interpreting ECGs?

A

1 look for the P wave
2 does each P wave precede a QRS?
3 is AV heart block present? is it 1st, 2nd or 3rd degree AV block?
4 are occasional early QRS complexes present?
5 are very fast, abnormal P waves present?
6 no P waves but QRS complexes present
7 no P wave and no QRS?

42
Q

define first degree AV block

A

P waves conduct but more slowly than is typical

43
Q

define a junctional rhythm

A

abnormal heart rhythm resulting from electrical activation of the heart originating near or within the AV node rather than the SA node

44
Q

what are the ECG findings associated with junctional rhythms?

A

regular rhythm
narrow QRS
no antecedent P waves

45
Q

define ventricular tachycardia

A

rapid heart beat arising from improper electrical activity of the heart beginning in the ventricles

46
Q

ventricular tachycardia presents on ECG as regular, wide complexes with a rate of ____________ bpm.

A

100-200

47
Q

in most cases of ventricular tachycardia, are P waves visible?

A

no

48
Q

define “sustained ventricular tachycardia”

A

ventricular tachycardia >/= 30 seconds in duration

often life threatening

49
Q

what is “larry’s awesome algorithm” for interpreting ECGs?

A

1 look for the P wave
2 does each P wave precede a QRS? if yes, “sinus rhythm”
3 is AV heart block present? is it 1st, 2nd or 3rd degree AV block?

50
Q

define first degree AV block

A

P waves conduct but more slowly than is typical

CVPR (14 decks)

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