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CV System Flashcards

1
Q

Function if cv system

A 
Gaseous exchange 
Nutrition and waste transport 
Hormones 
Immune system function 
Temperature regulation
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2
Q

Artery supping brain

A

Carotid artery

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3
Q

Artery supplying arms

A

Subclavian artery

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4
Q

Artery supplying stomach and intestines

A

Mesenteric artery

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5
Q

Artery supplying liver

A

Renal artery

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6
Q

Artery supplying lower limbs

A

Iliac artery

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7
Q

Layers of the heart

A 
Endocardium 
Myocardium 
 - 75% of heart muscle mass 
 - electrical signals pass through 
Epicardium 
Pericardium
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8
Q

Stages of the cardiac cycle

A 
Artrial contraction 
Isovolumetric contraction
Ventricular ejection 
Isovolumetric relaxation 
Artrial filling 
Ventricular filling
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9
Q

Describe the SA node

A

Located in RA
Pacemaker
Naturally beats at 100 bmp
Altered by sympathetic and parasympathetic

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10
Q

Why does the AV node delay the impulse slightly

A

Allows time for atria to fully contract and blood to enter the ventricles

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11
Q

Stages of an ecg and what they show

A

P wave - atrial depolarisation
QRS complex - ventricular depolarisation
T wave - ventricular repolarsation

PR interval - time between atrial and ventricular depolarisation

ST segment - ventricular repolarisation

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12
Q

Describe cardiac cells

A

Involuntary
Striated
Branched

Intercalated discs
Gap junctions
Desmosomes
Increased mitochondria

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13
Q

3 layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica externa - fibrous outer layer
Tunica media - muscular layer
Tunica intima - inner layer, secretes key nutrients and signals

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14
Q

Name the left Coronary arteries and where the supply

A

Left coronary artery - LA and LV
Left anterior descending - LV, septum and bundle of his
Circumflex - posterior or heart

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15
Q

Name the right coronary arteries

A

Right coronary artery - RA, RV and LV
Posterior descending
Right marginal artery

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16
Q

Stages of atherosclerosis

A

Damaged endothelium
LDL penetrates into the intima and attracts monocytes
Monocytes attach your LDL to form foam cells and clusters to make fatty plaques
When the foam cells die they release lipid signalling, smooth muscles cells migrate to intima
Cells divide and form protein and collagen matrixes enlarging plaque size
Plaque is prone to rapture and thrombus formation

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17
Q

What is angina

A

Pain experienced when O2 demand exceeds O2 supply

Ischemia causing pain

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18
Q

Signs and symptoms of angina

A

Tightness, burning or dull pain in chest pain or heavy feeling in left arm
Pain or discomfort radiating to jaw
Breathlessness on exertion

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19
Q

Role of valves

A

Prevent backflow

Open and close with pressure changes

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20
Q

Name the 4 main heart valves and their location

A

Mitral - LA->LV

Aortic valve -LV -> aorta

Tricuspid - RA -> RV

Pulmonary - RV-> pulmonary artery

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21
Q

Arrhythmia

What?

A

Not a sinus rhythm

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22
Q

Causes of arrhythmia

A 
Heart attack 
Mi 
Heart failure 
Valve disease 
Cardiomyopathy
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23
Q

Describe atrial fibrillation

A

Most common
Rapid/irregular impulses in atria
Caused by numerous abnormal foci

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24
Q

Symptoms of atrial fibrillation

A

Palpitations
Irregular pulse
HTN at high HR

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25
AF care pathway
``` Diagnose - ecg, 24h ecg, loop recorder Prevent stroke - anti coagulation drugs Rate control - slow HR and protect LV Rhythm control - anti-arrhythmias Interventions - cardioversion, catheter ablation ```
26
Describe atrial flutter
Electrical impulse from SA node form an irregular current Impulse circulates very fast Ventricles can’t beat that fast Often progresses to AF
27
Bradycardia
HR <60bpm Causes - normal/fitness - SA node issue - heart block Only a concerned when combined with dizziness
28
Describe Ventricular tachycardia
Rapid hr in ventricles Can’t fill and contract efficiently May be brief and harmless Long lasting cab become life threatening
29
Describe Ventricular fibrillation
Radio chaotic electrical impulse causes ventricles to quiver ineffectively May occur after a Mi Can escalate to cardiac arrest and be fatal
30
Ectopic beat
Early or extra heart beat originating somewhere other than the SA node Common and usually harmless Can develop into life threatening arrhythmia
31
Method to diagnose arrhythmias
Alivecore Loop recorders Ecg
32
Arrhythmia interventions
Cardioversion - shock heart back into normal rhythm - treats symptoms not cause Cardio ablation - uses guide catheter - stimulate heart to have an arrhythmia to see where it originates - burn it freeze cels causing it
33
Describe pacemakers
Artificially replace the hearts intrinsic pacing | Can be single, dual or biventricular
34
Describe what the 4 numbers on a pacemaker stand for
I - which chamber being paced - A,V or D II - sensing for hearts intrinsic signals - if it sensed a natural signal, it will not stimulate - 0 A, V or D III - the response to II - inhibited, triggered or Dual IV - rate responsiveness, special sensor detects movement and helps HR adjust to meet demand
35
What do ICDs do
Send inplules to regulate abnormal and dangerous rhythms
36
what is stenosis
when a valve doesnt open properly | reduces blood flow
37
what is a regergitant valve
a valve that doesnt close properly | blood back flows
38
effect of atrial stenosis
increased LV workload | LV hypertrophy - not functional, reduced LV size
39
effect of atrial regergitation
increased LV workload, LV dilation
40
what is mitral stenosis and effect
fulid on the lungs
41
what is the effect of mitral regergiataion
LA dilation | LV failure
42
causes of a murmur
Rheunmatic fever - not common in UK calcifiation - atherscolersis, progressive bicuspid - 2 leaflets rather than three
43
symptoms of a heart murmur
dysponea syncope angina fatigue
44
diagnosis of a murmur
echocardiogram
45
medications
Reduce HTN | anti coagulatants
46
interventions of a heart murmuer
valve replacement | TAVI
47
pros and cons of a mechanical valve
last indefinetly require anti coagulant medication open heart surgery
48
what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
LV becomes thickened and stiff reducing ability to contract and relax weaker contractions
49
what is dialted cardiomyopthay
LV becomes weak and enlarged which reduces it abilty to pump
50
what is arrhythmogenic cardiomyopthy
fat and scar tissue infiltrates heart muscle effecting electrical pathways
51
causes of cardiomyopthay
genetic lifestyle pregency/virus
52
symptoms of cardiomyopathy
``` teird dizzy SOB chest pain swelling in stomach and ankles ```
53
how is left ventricle dysfunction measured
using ejection fraction | 50-70% is normal
54
what is heart failuer
inability of heart to meet oxygen demands of the tisues
55
classes of heart failure
I - no symptoms II - mild symptons, occasional swelling, activites somehwat limited III - noticable limitaions, comforatble only at rest IV- unable to do any form of PA, symptoms at rest
56
Symptoms of heart failure
fatigue SOB Chest pain swelling in stomach and ankles
57
diagnosis of heart failure
ECHO - ultrasound of the heart, non invasive, structure and function of heart, allows you to take measurements Cardiac MRI - non invasive, high res image
58
causes of myocaridal infarction
reputed plaque and thrombus formation which occludes the lumen irreversible death of cardiac tissue
59
presentation of an MI
similar to angina - intense pain/pressure in the chest - radiation to throat and arm - indigestion - nausea/vomiting - weakness - breathlessness - fear of impending doom
60
what is a STEMI
st elevated MI ST elevation on ecg raised troponin = full thickness heart damage
61
whats is a NSTEMI
no st elevation raised troponin = partial thickness damage to heart muscle
62
mycocardial perfusin test
thallium injected into veins ischemic or necrotic cells will not take up thallium shows site and size of ischemia can be done at rest or exercise
63
angiography
radioplaque dye injected via cathetre into coronary arteres visible of xray, CT and MRI local anaesthetic Measures - site, number and severity of stenosis - helps determine best cause of treatment
64
CT Coronary angiogram
much less invasive xray blood flow through heart dye injected into vein in arm
65
CT fractional flow reserve
new technique computer based non-invasive CTCA coronary mapped out evaluates the haemodynamic relveance of stenosis - measures flow rate before and after stenosis size change and treatments

CP+R (5 decks)

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