CVD Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Globally, heart and circulatory diseases killed an estimated ____ men and ____ women in 2019.
A
9.8 million and 9.2 million
2
Q
The most common cardiovascular conditions
A
coronary (ischemic) heart disease, peripheral arterial (vascular) disease, and stroke
3
Q
Blood vessels containing blood flowing to the heart (back to the heart)
A
Veins
4
Q
BV containing blood from the heart (away)
A
Arteries
5
Q
Head, neck, upper limbs (receives blood)
A
Superior Vena Cava
6
Q
Trunk, lower, limbs, feet
A
Inferior Vena Cava
7
Q
Keep blood moving in the right direction and not flow backwards
A
Valves
8
Q
Average repeating contraction and relaxation of the heart.
A
0.8 second; 75 bpm
9
Q
The pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels, especially the arteries.
A
Cardiac cycle
10
Q
increased heart rate sometimes as fast as double normal
A
Fever (high temp)
11
Q
Thicker blood
A
increased heart rate
12
Q
larger heart and stronger, pumps a large volume, increased heart rate
A
Athlete
13
Q
faster heart rate, defined in an adult person as more than 100 bpm
A
Tachycardia
14
Q
Increase in Bpm for every degree fahrenheit
A
10 bpm
15
Q
Increase in bpm in every degree celcius
A
18 bpm
16
Q
slow heart rate, fewer than 60 bpm
A
Bradycardia
17
Q
Serious abnormality may affect heart health and may cause cardiac arrest
A
Tachycardia and Bradycardia
18
Q
“Silent disease”
Hardening of the arteries Thickening of the blood vessel walls specifically caused by the presence of plaque (LDL, cholesterol, Ca, fibrin)
A
Atherosclerosis
19
Q
build up, type of arteriosclerosis (plaque)
A
Atherosclerosis
20
Q
stiffness
A
Arteriosclerosis
21
Q
Insufficient blood flow
A
Ischemia
22
Q
necrosis and tissue damage
A
Myocardial infarction
23
Q
plaque formation in the endothelium in the artery wall.
A
Atherogenesis
24
Q
result to production of less NITRIC OXIDE, blood vessel becomes more restricted, becomes more permeable allows LDL cholesterol to be taken up by macrophages which then accumulates and form foam cells and eventually an early lesion known as a fatty streak.
- Initiate atherosclerosis
- reversible
A
Endothelial dysfunction
25
blood clot formation within the artery → obstruction of blood flow
Thrombosis
26
blood clot or air bubble, that travels in the blood → obstruction
Embolus
27
the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, causing sudden tissue death.
Embolism
28
necrosis of the myocardial cells as a result of oxygen deprivation.
Myocardial Infarction
29
general term for all causes of heart disease characterized by narrowing of vessels supplying blood to the heart
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
30
clotting in the leg
Deep vein thrombosis
31
occurs if plaque builds up in the major arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to your legs, arms, and pelvis.
Peripheral artery disease
32
atherosclerotic heart disease of all vessels except specific coronary vessels (plaque formation of vessel)
Peripheral Vascular Disease
33
oxygen deprivation of the brain, stroke
Cerebrovascular Accident
34
impairment of the ventricles’ capacity to eject blood from the heart or fill with blood.
Congestive Heart Failure
35
Blood flow is directly proportional to the _____ and inversely proportional to ______
change in pressure, resistance to flow.
36
idiopathic, no known cause: LIFESTYLE
Primary/Essential Hypertension
37
from another primary problem (kidney, endocrine)
Secondary Hypertension
38
Long term regulation
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
39
Short term regulation
Baroreflex
40
peptide of 10 amino acids
Angiotensin I
41
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
ACE
42
renin will be produced (RAAS will be signaled)
Drop in BP
43
peptide of 8 amino acids
Angiotensin II
44
sodium and water retention
Kidney
45
vasoconstriction
Heart
46
aldosterone secretion
Adrenal
47
signal thirst
Hypothalamus
48
anti diuretic (water retention)
Pituitary
49
narrowing
Blood vessel
50
Prolonged use of RAAS
a lot of organs will be compromised
51
vasodilator
Nitrous oxide
52
Contracts
systolic
53
Relax
Diastolic
54
Normal BP
>120/80
55
Hypertension Stage 1
130-139 (s)
80-89 (d)
56
Hypertension stage 2
>140 (s)
>90 (d)
57
Blood pressure tends to rise in stepwise fashion according to the degree of obesity or magnitude of weight gain.
High BMI - high BP
58
If the individual is taking hypertensive drugs, whatever the reading is, he or she is still ___
Hypertensive
59
Hypertensive crisis
>180
60
Hypertension with still no damage in the organs
Urgency
61
Hypertension where there is a damage on the organs
Emergency
62
The goals of treatment for hypertension are:
reduction in the risk of cardiovascular and renal disease
63
Dec. blood volume by increasing urinary output
Diuretics (Furosemide, hydrochorothiazide)
64
Affect the movement of calcium, Cause blood vessels to relax , reduce vasoconstriction
Calcium Channel blockers (Nisoldipine, Niedipine, Bepridil, Diltiazem, Verapamil)
65
Vasodilators that reduce BP by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance interfering with the production of angiotensin II from angiotensin I inhibiting degradation of bradykin
ACE inhibitors (Captopril. Benazepril, etc. PRIL)
66
interferes with RAAS without inhibiting bradykin
Angiotensin II Receptor blockers ( Candersartan, eprosartan, etc. TAN)
67
Blocks vascular muscle response, reduces stroke volume
Alpha andragenic blockers (Alfuzosin, Terazosin, ETC. SIN)
68
Vasodilation
Nitrate (Nitroglycerin)
69
Blocks beta receptors, decrease cardiac output
Beta-1 blocker (Metropolol, ETC. OL)
70
interrupt aldosterone, increases sodium and water excretion
Aldosterone antagonists (Spironolactone)
71
Increase strength of heart contractions
Digitalis (Digoxin)
72
Interrupts prothrombin
Fibrinolytic therapy (Heparin, Alteplase, Reteplase)
73
Stimulate heart rate, increase contractions
Positive inotropic drugs (Dopamine, Milrinone)
74
important not only for treating high BP but also for preventing it.
Lifestyle Modification
75
Wt reduction to maintain a BMI of normal
5-20 mmhg/10kg
76
DASH eating plan
8-14 mmhg
77
intake below 2.4 g sodium
2-8 mmhg
78
Aerobic activity for 30 mins most days a week
4-9 mmhg
79
Men: >2 drinks
Women: >1 drink
2-4 mmhg
80
9.2 kg weight loss
6.3/3.1 mmHg
81
Weight reduction along with reduced waist circumference and visceral/abdominal obesity
priority goals in development of nutrition therapy interventions.
82
Intake of less than ___mg of Na (___g NaCl)
2300, 6
83
Moderate restriction
3-4 g/day (7.5-10 g of salt)
84
Table salt is a combination of ___% sodium and ___% chloride
40% sodium, 60% chloride
85
DV or less of sodium per serving is considered low
5%
86
DV or more of sodium per serving is considered high Daily value: 2,300 mg
20%
87
significant reduction with a significant reduction in CHD risk
Moderate alcohol consumption
88
Positively correlated with reduction of BP
PROPOSED MECHANISMS:
Natriuretic effect
Inhibition of renin release
Antagonism of the pressor response to angiotensin II
Direct vasodilation
Augmentation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation
Decreased production of vasoconstrictor thromboxane
Increased production of kallidin (vasodilator)
Potassium
89
INVERSE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIETARY CALCIUM INTAKE AND BP
Natriuretic effect
PTH results to vasoconstriction
Decreased Ca influx into vascular smooth muscle cells
Modulation of sympathetic nervous system activity
Calcium
90
Decreases vascular tone and contractility
Magnesium
91
is associated with resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and enhanced vascular contractility.
Magnesium deficiency
92
Reduces all forms of CVD
Smoking Cessation
93
Moderate intensity Aerobic
150 mins/week
94
Muscle strengthening
2 days/ week
95
Heart disease characterized by inadequate blood supply to the heart
Used interchangeably with CAD
Ischemic Heart Disease
96
ymptom characterized by chest pain associated by oxygen deficit to the heart (stable, unstable)
Angina
97
substernal pain experienced when the workload of the heart is increased due to physical activity or emotional stress
Stable angina
98
pain not associated with increased work load
Unstable angina
99
TIA
Transient Ischemic Attacks (“mini-stroke”)
100
angina that occurs with strenuous or rapid or prolonged exertion at work or recreation, but not with ordinary physical activity.
Class I
101
angina that slightly limits ordinary activity only during the first few hours after awakening; or with walking more than two blocks on level ground and climbing more than one flight of ordinary stairs at a normal pace and in normal conditions.
Class II
102
marked limitation of ordinary physical activity such that angina is precipitated by walking one or two blocks on level ground, climbing one flight of stairs in normal conditions and at normal pace, playing a musical instrument, performing household chores, gardening, vacuuming, walking a dog, or taking out the trash.
Class III
103
inability to carry on any physical activity without discomfort; anginal syndrome may be present at rest.
Class IV
104
Heart attack
- results in irreversible damage to the heart muscle due to a lack of oxygen.
- may lead to impairment in diastolic and systolic function and make the patient prone to arrhythmias.
- due to decreased blood flow (because of ischemia/CAD)
Myocardial Infarction
105
Post MI: decreased oral intake (pain, anxiety, fatigue, shortness of breath)
Clear liquid w/o caffeine
Liquid to Soft with SFF
TLC
MNT for Myocardial Infarction
106
Can be used interchangeably with PVD
Occlusion of blood flow in non coronary arteries
Restriction of blood flow
Can result to ulceration of the lower leg
Peripheral Artery Disease
107
pain in arms and legs due to inadequate blood flow to the muscles
Claudication
108
Failure of the ventricles or to fill it to eject blood
Represents the end stage of all forms of CVD
Heart Faillure
109
Sodium restriction
To promote rest, control edema, control body weight, correct nutrient deficient, and prevent severe malnutrition.
2-3 grams/ day depending on the severity (sodium)
Fluid restriction
<2L if hyponatremia is present (<130mEq/L) and if with fluid retention
1-2 L/day
Nutritional supplementation
MNT for Heart Faillure
110
increases risk and mortality and morbidity (HF)
Ephedra and ephedrine
111
Severe weight loss caused by severe heart failure
Cardiac cachexia
112
new route for blood to flow around clogged arteries
CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTS (CABG)
113
compressing plaque against the artery wall
PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY (PTCA)
114
<55 y/old
CARDIAC TRANSPLANT
115
Left part of the Heart and Pulmonary edema
Left side heart failure
116
Edema on the superior or inferior vena cava
Right side heart failure
