Musculoskeletal

Question 1

cells that are actively forming cartilage

• Actively secrete and surround themselves with gel like matrix until they become trapped in cavities (lacunae)

Answer 1

Chondroblasts

Question 2

cells surrounded by cartilage
- Enclosed chondroblasts in lacunae

Answer 2

Chondrocytes

Question 3

flexible yet firm connective tissue

Answer 3

Cartilage

Question 4

__% calcium
__% phosphate
__% carbonate

Answer 4

37-40
50-58
2-8

Question 5

process in which the cartilage is formed from condensed mesenchymal tissue which can differentiate chondrocyte and fibrin secreting molecules from the exocellular matrix

Answer 5

Chondrification or chondrogenesis

Question 6

group of cells and cell products that collectively form bone.

• Another term for bone tissue

Answer 6

Osseous tissue

Question 7

stem cells capable of differentiating into osteoblasts; active during childhood (period of growth and development) and activated in response to injury

Answer 7

Osteogenic cells

Question 8

bone building cells

Answer 8

Osteoblasts

Question 9

Osteoblast Communication is the secretion of

Answer 9

Cytokines

Question 10

Collagen type 1 - __%
Osteocalcin and other minerals - __%

Answer 10

90
10

Question 11

mature osteoblasts

Answer 11

Osteocytes

Question 12

bone removing cells, secretes HCl to dissolve mineral component of bone matrix (bone/mineral resorption=dissolved minerals are released into the blood)

Answer 12

Osteoclasts

Question 13

Osteoclast Communication is secretion of

Answer 13

enzyme

Question 14

growth of the skeleton until the mature height is achieved

Answer 14

Bone modeling

Question 15

Bone modeling Typically completed during

Answer 15

Puberty

Question 16

Bone modeling completed in girls in the age

Answer 16

16-18

Question 17

Bone modeling completed in boys in the age

Answer 17

18-20

Question 18

formation exceeds the resorption; reached by 30 years of age

Answer 18

Peak Bone Mass

Question 19

bone is resorbed continuously through the action of the osteoclasts and reformed through the action of the osteoblasts.

Answer 19

Bone remodeling

Question 20

Bone mass is dependent on the

Answer 20

Diet and PA

Question 21

Protein
Calcium
Vitamin D
Overweight/Obesity
Malnutrition

Answer 21

Importance of Nutrition

Question 22

• most common
• characterized by loss of bone mass
• compromised bone strength and
• increased susceptibility to fracture

Answer 22

Osteoporosis

Question 23

Postmenopausal osteoporosis

• There is an estrogen adrogen deficient
• Loss of trabecular bone tissue
• Cessation ovarian production of estrogen

Answer 23

Type 1

Question 24

Senile osteoporosis

Age related osteoporosis occurs approximately at the age of 70 and beyond

Answer 24

Type 2

Question 25

distinguished in general by sex, the age at which fractures occur, and the kinds of bone involved

Answer 25

Primary

Question 26

drug or disease process causes loss of bone tissue

Answer 26

Secondary

Question 27

affect vitamin D metabolism which can lead to bone loss

Answer 27

Cortecosteroids

Question 28

low BMD but not low enough to meet criterion for osteoporosis

Answer 28

Osteopenia

Question 29

Normal BMD

Answer 29

-1.0 or greater

Question 30

Osteopenia

Answer 30

Between -1.0 and -2.5

Question 31

Osteoporosis

Answer 31

-2.5 or less

Question 32

Severe osteoporosis

Answer 32

-2.5 or less and fragility structure

Question 33

are essential for normal bone structure and function.

Answer 33

Adequate calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

Question 34

being underweight is considered a risk factor for osteoporosis, whereas being overweight may be

Answer 34

protective

Question 35

does not have a direct impact on bone. Rather inadequate energy intake leading to lower body weight or too many protein leading to overweight have effects on bone.

Answer 35

Energy intake

Question 36

may negatively effect bone turn over and development especially if theres a surgery, we opt to have higher protein in order to compensate with the loss

Answer 36

A very low protein intake

Question 37

requires acids to make Ca more soluble and absorbable. - Interferes with absoprtion of iron most common and - needs acid to be most soluble and absorbable Hiwalay sa iron

Answer 37

Calcium carbonate

Question 38

- does not interfere with iron - Common binibigay sa elderly - Does not require acidic environment - Does not further reduce the acidity of the stomach

Answer 38

Calcium citrates

Question 39

Absorption is enhanced in small doses ___ mg

Answer 39

<500mg

Question 40

poor in nutrient value but often high in phosphate content.

Answer 40

Softdrinks

Question 41

increases Ca losses and Vit.D, increases risk of trauma

Answer 41

Excessive alcohol intake

Question 42

Insufficient mineralization of the organic matrix of bone, due to Vit. D deficiency.

Answer 42

Rickets and Osteomalacia

Question 43

Bowed leg

Answer 43

Rickets

Question 44

Foods which contains Vitamin D

Answer 44

Egg yolk Fatty fish: salmon, mackerel, tuna Liver Oil Mushroom

Question 45

Drugs that can accelerate hepatic breakdown of Vit. D (Loss):

Answer 45

Phenytoin Phenobarbital Rifampin

Question 46

Localized, progressive, often crippling disorder of bone remodeling resulting from overactive osteoclasts that cause rapid bone resorption followed by rapid formation of new bone

Answer 46

Paget Disease

Question 47

Obesity may be a risk factor

Answer 47

Inflammatory arthritis.

Question 48

Risk factors: Overweight and obesity Joint injuries Infections Family history Age Females

Answer 48

Arthritic conditions

Question 49

is also an important source of interleukin-6(Il-6), and since Il6 stimulates the hepatic production of C-reactive protein (CRP), positive correlation has been shown between CRP levels and abdominal obesity.

Answer 49

Adipose tissue

Question 50

is an inflammatory marker formed in interleukin 6

Answer 50

CRP

Question 51

Condition involving progressive loss of articular cartilage and inflammation of the tissues composing the joint, resulting in joint pain, stiffness and limited joint movement.

Answer 51

Ostheoarthritis

Question 52

To reduce joint pain and inflammation To maintain joint mobility and minimize disability Non Pharmacologic Treatment: Improving posture Proper footwear Weight reduction as needed Rest of affected joint Application of heat Physical activity

Answer 52

Management of OA

Question 53

(aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen cyclooxygenase 2)

Answer 53

NSAIDS

Question 54

nutritional supplement, amino sugar and raw material for synthesizing glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans (impt. constituents of articular cartilage)

Answer 54

Glucosamines

Question 55

Glucosamines are mostly from

Answer 55

Crustaceans

Question 56

nutritional supplement, a specific glycosaminoglycans found in the proteoglycans of articular cartilage

Answer 56

Chondroitin

Question 57

Chronic inflammatory disease which synovial fluid of the joint becomes inflamed, resulting to swelling, stiffness, pain, limited range of motion, joint deformity and disability

Answer 57

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 58

Inflammatory disease resulting in swelling. Redness, heat, pain and stiffness of the affected joint. Occurs when serum concentration of uric acid becomes elevated, uric acid crystals begin to precipitate in the synovial fluid causing inflammatory response.

Answer 58

Gout

Question 59

Keeping uric acid below ____ helps to reduce your chance of having gout attack

Answer 59

6 mg/dL

Question 60

NDAP ___ of purine to have lower risk of having gout attack

Answer 60

100-150 mg/day

Question 61

Chronic musculoskeletal disorder characterized by widespread muscle pain, joint stiffness, disturbed sleep, fatigue, headache, cognitive and memory problems

Answer 61

Fibromyalgia