H aemophilus spp. #1 A ggregatibacter #2 actinomycetemcomitans C ardiobacterium hominis E ikenella corrodens K ingella kingae all G-

cvm Flashcards by Teresa Risoli

Early Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis Organisms (less than 1 yr)

1 Staph epidermis (Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus )

#2 Staph aureus

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Late Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis Organisms - After 1 year of replacement

Staphylococcus spp.(epidermidis/ aurus)
*Streptococcus spp.(vidurians sanginis)
Enterococcus spp.
-potential fungi, parasites, intracellular bacteria

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Native Valve endocarditis Organisms

*Staphylococcus spp. (epidermidis/ **aurus)
*Streptococcus spp. (vidrians/sangunis)
Enterococcus spp.
HACEK organisms(community acquired)
-potential fungi, parasites, intracellular bacteria

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recent oral invasion procedure

strep vidrians

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Optochin resistant

Viridans Streptococci
alpha hemolytic

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most common cause of infective endocarditis due to strep

S. sanguinis
alpha hemolytic

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primary etiological agent of dental caries
and dental plaques

S. mutans, S. Sanguinis
alpha hemolytic

AND HACKE -Haemophilus aphrophilus

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novobiocin test

strep epideridis

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Thickening or hardening of artery, loss of elasticity

Arteriosclerosis - umbrella term

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calcification of tunica media of arteries

Monckeberg medial
calcific sclerosis (types of arteriosclerosis, not clinically singinifcant bc it doesnt spread to Intima)

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Arteriosclerosis of the small arteries is due to what

Arteriolosclerosis due to hypertension

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atheromas

Atherosclerosis, type of Arteriosclerosis

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which vessels are most involved in artheromas

The lower abdominal aorta and iliac arteries
The coronary arteries
The popliteal arteries
The internal carotid arteries
The vessels of the circle of Willis

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Rheumatic heart disease

Strep. pyogenes (GAS)

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GI procedure, colonoscopy, antibiotic resistance

Enterococcus (enteric microbiota)

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most commonly isolated, and causes 85-90% of
enterococcal infections
Particularly intensive care unit infections(highly resistant)

E. faecalis

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Responsible for 5 -10% of enterococcal infections *Displays event higher levels of antibiotic resistance

E. faecium

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HACEK

H aemophilus spp. #1
A ggregatibacter #2
actinomycetemcomitans
C ardiobacterium hominis
E ikenella corrodens
K ingella kingae

all G-

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Colonies with star shaped interior on solid media

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

G- bacilli

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myocarditis differential diagnoisis

Acute Coronary Syndrome – ECG, cardiac biomarkers

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microbial causes of myocarditis

*enterovirus(Coxsackievirus B) and other viruses are most common. bacteria is uncommon, parasites prominent in low income countries (Trypanosoma/Chagas, Toxoplasma)
Fungal, systemic mycoses: candida, aspergillus (immunocompromized)

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microorganisms responsible for pericarditis

*Coxsackievirus A and B and other viruses. Sometime G+/- bacteria, not mycobacterium. Fungi in the immunocompromised(Blasto dermatitidis, Candida spp., Histoplasma capsulatum)

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arterioles commonly effected in benign and malignant HTN

benign/chronic : hyaline artiolosclerosis-ischemic changes
malignant/sudden: hyperplastic- fibrioid necrosis

thickened reduplicated basemement membrane and smooth muscle cell hyperplasia

hyperplasia arteriolosclerosis

will have a strong PAS stain, onion skin

necrotizing arteriolitis

hyperplasia arteriolosclerosis

kindey, brain, and retina damages from which type of arteriolosclerosis

kidney both (benign or malignant nephrosclerosis) brain both (HTN intraparynchimal hemoraghes) retina is just hyperplastic= cotton wool spots

cystic medial degeneration

loss of structural integrity of arterial media causing aneurysm

abdominal aortic aneurysm caused by

caused by atherosclerosis

ascending aortic aneurysm caused by

caused by HTN

ascending/thoracic aorta aortitis

syphillic aneurysm(tertiary stage)

obliterative/ obstructive endarteritis of the vasa vasorum of the aorta

syphillic aneurysm

treebank appearence

syphillic aneurysm -from fibrosis of the vascular walls, seen form the inside tunica intima

cystic medial degeneration

marfan syndrom

marfan syndrom aneurysm location

located at ascending aorta and arch of aorta

gene for fibrillin-1

marfan required for normal elastic tissue development and irresistant to normal stress

circle of willis

berry aneurysm (small saccular)

autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

berry aneurism

pulsating hematoma

false aneurysm

locations and features of the type A and type B aortic dissections

type A/ proximal is ascending aorta with high mortality and rapid tx. DOUBLE sided separation type B/ distal is descending aorta distal to L subclavian artery. better prognosis. SINGLE sided separation

chest pain that is beginning in the anterior chest and radiating to the back scapulae

aortic dissection

pain moves downward

aortic dissection

chest pain with absent peripheral pulse

aortic dissection

double barrel aorta

aortic dissection

block above the bundle of his

second degree block- mobitz type 1-Wencheback

Progressive prolongation of the PR-interval until a QRS is dropped

second degree block- mobitz type 1-Wencheback

Increased PR interval

First Degree block

sinus bradychardia

dec automaticity

block below the bundle of his

Second Degree Block Mobitz Type II

All-or-nothing conduction, in which QRS complexes are dropped without prolongation of the PR-interval

Second Degree Block Mobitz Type II

Complete Heart Block with AV dissociation. Atria and ventricles are driven by independent pacemakers

Third Degree Block Complete AV-block

atrial rate of atrial flutter and atrial fibrulation

flutter= 250-300 fib= 400+ ventriculat rate is normal ~75

“Retrograde” p wave

Orthodromic AVRT

allan test

Buergers disease

pulseless disease

Takayasu Arteritis also comes with vision problems and neurological sx

hepatits B

Polyarteritis Nodosa