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1st Year Med > CVR Investigations > Flashcards

CVR Investigations Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

what is the function of the ECG?

A

detect PD changes between 2 electrodes on the heart surface and the limbs

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2
Q

what does the P wave of an ECG represent?

A

atrial depolarisation

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3
Q

what does the delay between P and Q mean on an ECG?

A

delay at AV node

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4
Q

what does point Q show on an ECG?

A

conduction through bundle branches (purkinje fibres)

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5
Q

what does the QRS wave show on an ECG?

A

ventricular depolarisation

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6
Q

what does the ST segment show on an ECG?

A

plateau phase of ventricular repolarisation

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7
Q

what does the T wave show on an ECG?

A

rapid ventricular repolarisation

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8
Q

explain what the ECG leads are and what they measure

A

ECG leads are electrical vectors
unipolar leads measure potential variation at a single point
bipolar leads measure PD at a single point

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9
Q

name the 12 ECG leads

A

chest leads: V1-6
augmented limb leads: aVR, aVL, aVF
limb leads: I, II, III

(I = RA-LA, II = RA-LL, III = LA-LL)

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10
Q

what can HR be determined by in an ECG?

A

QRS complex

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11
Q

what should a standard ECG have for interpretation?

A

paper speed of 25mm/s
determined QRS axis
gain of 10mV/mm

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12
Q

what is the general rule of interpreting HR from an ECG?

A

300 divided by number of large squares between each QRS complex

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13
Q

what is the normal range for:
PR interval
QRS
QT interval

A

PR interval: <200ms
QRS: <120ms
QT interval: <400ms

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14
Q

what does the QRS axis show and how is this approximated?

A

direction of average depolarisation in heart (mainly LV)
determined by limb leads
normal is -30 to +90 degrees
approximated by finding lead with most positive QRS

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15
Q

how can P waves be described?

A

positive, negative or biphasic

a normal P wave is upright in the inferior leads

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16
Q

how can ST segments be described?

A

isoelectric, elevated or depressed

a normal ST segment is flat

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17
Q

how can T waves be described?

A

upright, inverted or flat

a normal T wave has the same polarity as the QRS

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18
Q

how can the QRS complex be described?

A

R - positive deflection
Q - first negative deflection
S - additional negative deflection

capital letters = dominant waves
non-capital = non dominant waves

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19
Q

what are the purposes of cardiac imaging?

Study These Flashcards
A

defines heart size/structure
details functions/physiology (valves, ventricular function)
image heart during stress (ischaemia)

20
Q

what are the functions of echocardiography?

Study These Flashcards
A

assesses heart structure/function
assesses valves/pericardium
assesses inducible ischaemia

21
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of echocardiography?

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A

adv - cheap, available, no radiation, portable

disadv - requires good acoustic window, user dependant

22
Q

what does an increase of gadolinium indicate in cardiac MRI?

23
Q

what are the functions of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR)?

Study These Flashcards
A

assesses perfusion/stress
accesses great vessels
defines tissue characterisation

24
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging?

Study These Flashcards
A

adv - shows anatomy/volume/function, reproducible, no radiation

disadv - costly, poor availability

25
what are the purposes of coronary angiography?
indicates ischaemia primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) assesses ventricular pressure/valves can intervene during procedure (invasive and uses radiation)
26
describe nuclear perfusion imagine and state its advantages and disadvantages
assesses ischaemia and ejection fraction adv - readily available disadv - uses radiation, shows no structural assessment
27
describe cardiac CT imaging and state its advantages and disadvantages
assesses coronary artery and great vessel anatomy adv - can rule out CAD, low risk disadv - uses radiation, requires low HR
28
compare transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography
transthoracic (TTE) - takes pictures of anterior heart thransoesophageal (TOE) - takes pictues of posterior heart both image cardiac structure and valve function
29
what is bubble contrast echocardiography used for?
access interatrial septum (looking for oatent foramen ovale or atrial septum defect)
30
what is LV contrast echocardiography used to look for?
LV apical thrombus
31
what structures are visible from the parasternal long axis (PLAX) view?
LA mitral valve LV LV outflow tract (LVOT) aortic valve aortic arch
32
what structures can be seen from the parasternal short axis (PSAX) view?
LV RV all valves except mitral interatrial septum pulmonary artery papillary muscles
33
how can the LV systolic function be measured?
calculating LV ejection function using figures from LV end diastolic volume and LV stroke volume
34
describe echo doppler imaging
assess valve flow patterns present help assess diastolic function and valve disease severity
35
what are the pros of using MRI imaging in respiratory investigations?
used magnetic properties of H+ easily generated images in different planes lower resolution can determine chest wall/mediastinum invasion by cancer
36
describe the action of a PET scan
positron emission topography uses radioactive liquid (tracer) to show areas of the body with overactive cells
37
how is a bronchoscopy carried out?
bronchoscope inserted down mouth/nose, passes down to bronchi allowing lung/air passage visualisation biopsies can be performed during bronchoscopies
38
what can an EBUS technique be used for?
endobronchial ultrasound samping diagnoses different lung disorders (inflammation, infection, cancer)
39
explain the process of a thoracoscopy
done under anaesthetic visualises pleural cavity pleural biopsy can be taken
40
what is a CT pulmonary angiography used for?
scans for perfusion and ventilation function of lungs
41
what 4 categories can respiratory sampling be categorised in to? give an example for each
ward tests: blood/urine bronchoscopy: biopsy percutaneous: fine needle aspiration surgical: mediastinoscopy
42
what can pulmonary function be assessed through?
spirometry arterial blood gases (ABG) progressive exercise tests sleep studies
43
describe the results of type 1 respiratory failure
low O2 (<8kPa) on an ABG result of pneumonia, cardiac failure or pulmonary embolism
44
describe the results of type 2 respiratory failure
low O2 (<8kPa) and high CO2 (>6kPa) on an ABG patient suffering severe respiratory fatigue result of opiates overdose, neuromuscular weakness, advanced COPD
45
what factors are considered when choosing an investigation test?
patient - anxiety, discomfort, complications test - sensetive, specific, reliable, repeatable convenience - cost, ease, time

1st Year Med (52 decks)

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