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1st Year Med > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

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1
Q

what composes the inominate bone?

A

ilium, ischium, pubis
(from pelvic girdle)

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2
Q

name the joints in the pelvic girdle

A

lumbosacral
sacro-iliac
sacro-coccyngeal
pubic symphysis

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3
Q

what is the acetabulum?

A

a fusion of different inominate bone parts connecting to the femur head

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4
Q

what type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

secondary cartilagenous

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5
Q

what kind of joint is the hip joint?

A

synovial ball & socket joint (between femur head and acetabulum)

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6
Q

iliofemoral ligament: cover and function

A

covers superiorly/anteriorly

prevents hyperextension during standing

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7
Q

pubofemoral ligament: covers and function

A

covers anteriorly/inferiorly

prevents excess abduction

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8
Q

ischiofemoral ligament: covers and function

A

covers posteriorly

prevents hyperflexion

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9
Q

what are the main nerves of the lumbosacral plexus and what is their corresponding vertebrae?

A

femoral - L2-4
obturator - L2-4
sciatic - L4-S3

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10
Q

gluteus maximus: origins and insertions

A

origins - posterior gluteal surface of the ilium, sacrum and coccyx

insert - iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity of femur

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11
Q

gluteus maximus: actions and innervation

A

actions - thigh extension and lateral rotation

innervation – inferior gluteal nerve

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12
Q

gluteus medius: origin and insertion

A

origin - gluteal surface of ilium

insert - lateral surface of greater trochanter

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13
Q

name the actions and innervation of the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia lata

A

actions - lower limb abduction and medial rotation, stabilises pelvis during locomotion

innervation - superior gluteal nerve

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14
Q

gluteus minimus: origin and insertion

A

origin - ilium

insert - anterior greater trochanter (convergent tendon)

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15
Q

tensor fascia lata: origins and insertions

A

origins - anterior iliac crest (ASIS)

insert - iliotibial tract (lateral condyle of tibia)

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16
Q

name the deep muscles of the gluteal region

A

quadratus femoris
piriformis
gemellus superior/inferior
obturator internus

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17
Q

what are the general actions and innervations of the deep gluteal region?

A

actions - lateral rotation, abduction

innervations - nerve to (insert muscle)

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18
Q

what 2 muscles make up the iliopsoas?

A

psoar major and iliacus

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19
Q

name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

iliacus (iliopsoas)
psoas major (iliopsoas)
rectus femoris (quad)
vastus medialis (quad)
vastus lateralis (quad)
vastus intermedius (quad)
saartorius
pectineus

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20
Q

what are the general actions and innervations of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

actions - extend lower limb at knee joint, thigh flexion (only iliospoas + pectineus)

innervation - femoral nerve

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21
Q

where do the quadriceps converge and insert?

A

insert onto patella as common quadriceps tendon

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22
Q

sartorius: origin, insertion, actions and innervation

A

origin - anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

insert - medial tibia surface

actions - hip flexion/abduction/lateral rotation, knee flexion

innervation - femoral nerve

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23
Q

name the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh

A

gracilis
obturator externus
adductor brevis
adductor longus
adductor magnus (adductor part)

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24
Q

what are the general actions and innervation of the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

actions - hip adduction, lateral rotation (obturator externus only), leg flexion (gracilis only)

innervation - obturator nerve

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25
name the muscles in the posterior compartment (hamstring) of the thigh
biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus adductor magnus (hamstring)
26
what is the general actions and innervations of the muscles in the posterior (hamstring) compartment of the thigh?
actions - hip/thigh extension, leg/knee flexion innervation - tibial sciatic nerve (short head biceps femoris - fibular sciatic nerve)
27
what is the linea aspera?
a line along the femur
28
where is the pes anserinus located and what muscles attach to it?
located below knee at fibular head attachments - semitendinosus, sartorius, gracilis
29
what 4 structures does the femoral triangle contain? (from lateral to medial)
nerve, artery, vein, lymphatics
30
what type of joint is the knee joint and what bones is it formed around?
synovial hinge joint formed around femur (condyles), tibia (plateaus) and patella
31
what 3 articulations is the knee composed of?
2 tibiofemoral 1 patellofemoral
32
explain why the knee is more stable when extended
flat surfaces are in contact making it more congruent
33
what are knee menisci?
c-shaped wedges of fibrocartilage (medial and lateral)
34
what are the functions of knee menisci?
improves articular surface fit accomodates shape change during movement shock absorption assist locking mechanism joint nutrition and lubrication
35
how do knee menisci receive nourishment?
outer 1/3 - vascularised inner 2/3 - synovial fluid
36
where does the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) run and what is its function?
attaches from anterior intercondylar region of tibia to lateral femoral condyle prevents hyperextension
37
where does the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) attach and what is its function?
attaches from posterior intercondylar region of tibia to medial femoral condyle prevents hyperflexion
38
where does the fibular collateral ligament extend from?
lateral epicondyle of femur to lateral fibula
39
where does the tibial collateral ligament extend to?
medial epicondyle of femur to medial tibia
40
what is the function of collateral ligaments?
prevents rotation during knee extension (stability)
41
what is the normal Q angle of the femur?
15 degrees
42
explain the conditions caused by abnormal allignment of the femur
genu varum (bow leg) - Q angle below 13 degrees (hyperadduction) genu valgum (knock knee) - Q angle above 17 degrees (hyperabduction)
43
name the 7 tarsal bones and state whether they are proximal or distal
calcaneus (P) talus (P) navicular (P) cuboid (D) lateral cruciform (D) intermediate cruciform (D) medial cruciform (D)
44
what does the true ankle joint involve and allow?
talocrural joint involving fibula, tibia and talus allows dorsiflexion (extension) and plantarflexion (flexion)
45
what does the subtalar joint involve and allow?
talocalcaneal joint involving talus and calcaneus allows inversion and eversion
46
what 2 ligaments are in the ankle joint and how many parts are there on each?
medial (deltoid) ligament (4) lateral ligament (3)
47
what are the 3 muscular compartment groups of retinacula in the ankle?
flexor extensor (superior/inferior) fibular (superior/inferior)
48
name the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg
gastrocnemius (lateral/medial head) soleus plantaris popliteus flexor digitorum longus flexor halucis longus tibialis posterior
49
what are the general actions and innervation of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?
actions - foot plantarflexion and inversion innervation - tibial nerve
50
what is the anatomical name of the achilles tendon?
calcaneal tendon
51
what causes tarsal tunnel syndrome?
compression of tibial nerve
52
explain the mneumonic used to remember the order of occurence of ankle tendons/structures (from anterior to posterior)
Tom, Dick and very nervous Harry T - tibialis posterior (tendon) D - digitorum longus (flexor tendon) A - tibial artery V - tibial vein N - tibial nerve H - hallucis longus (flexor tendon)
53
name the 3 ankle extensors and whether they allow for inversion or eversion at the subtalar joint
tibialis anterior (I) extensor hallucis longus (I) extensor digitorum longus (E)
54
what are the 2 lateral group muscles in the ankle and what do they allow?
fibularis longus/brevis allow eversion and plantarflexion
55
name the 3 foot arches
medial longitudinal lateral longitudinal transverse
56
what structures give dynamic support to the foot arch?
tibialis posterior/anterior flexor hallucis longus fibularis longus intrinsic plantar muscles
57
name the structures giving passive support to the foot arch
plantar aponeurosis long/short plantar ligament plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
58
what is the deepest structure in the popliteal fossa?
popliteal artery
59
explain the branching of the sciatic nerve
sciatic -> tibial and common fibular tibial -> medial/lateral plantar common fibular -> deep/superficial fibular
60
name the arterial branches in the lower limb from superficial to deep
aorta common iliac external/internal iliac femoral popliteal posterior/anterior tibial fibular/dorsalis pedis medial/lateral plantar
61
explain the venous drainage system of the lower limb
deep veins and flanked arteries (2 veins, 1 artery) superficial veins drain into deep veins
62
name the main veins of the lower leg and where they drain
lesser saphenous -> popliteal greater saphenous -> femoral
63
what is the function of perforating veins?
connecting the 2 systems of venous drainage
64
what happens when blood backs up in deep veins?
perforating veins back up and become varicose veins
65
name the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg
tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus fibularis tertius
66
what are the general actions and innervation of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
actions - foot dorsiflexion and eversion innervation - deep fibular nerve

1st Year Med (52 decks)

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