CVS Flashcards
mention the cv risk factors
modifiable: family history, age, sex, ethenity.
non: HT, tobacco, diet, physical inactive, obesity, blood lipids,
what are the main causes of secondary hypertrnsion.
1_Renal causes: interstitial nephritis, renal a stenosis, polysystic k, SLE
2_Endocrine disorder: cushing, conns synd, pheochromocytoma.
3_estrogen therapy
4_pregnancy
5_coarctation of aorta.
what are the needed lab investigation for a pt with hypertension?
1_renal status: urine analysis, BUN, s creatinine
Described the symptoms of the following and how they are measured:
1_cushing syn
2_pheochromocytoma
3_hyperaldosteronism
1_HT, central obesity, glucose intolerance
measure 24h urine free cortisol, overnight dexamethasone suppresion test.
2_HT, weight loss, glu intolerance, palpitation, pounding headache, pallor.
measure 24h urinary metanephrine excretion.
3_HT, hypokalemia.
screening test: plasma renin activity «low in primary hyperaldestor»
what’s the normal value of HDL,and when does it change?
1_male more than 45 mg, F more 35
2_increase: vigrous exercise, moderate consumption of alcohol
insulin treatment and estrogen
3_decrease: familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia, elevated serum TG, obesity, stress, smoking, DM, recent illness: MI, stroke, trauma, starvation, hypothyroidism, liver ds, nephrosis, uremia
how to calculate LDL levels, and when dose it increase
1_from Friewald formula=total cholesterol _(HDL+TG/5)
2_familial hypercholestrolemia
familial combined hyperlipidemia
Diet high in cholesterol
DM, pregnancy, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, CRF
what does lipid profile include? how much are the normal and risk values?
1_total cholesterol: 200mg or less is normal, more than 240 is high
2_HDL: 60 mg is good, less than 40 mg is low, risky
3_LDL: less than 100 is ideal, 190 or more is very high
4_TG: less than 150 is good, more than200 is risky
mention the classifications of dyslipidemia.
type , Lipoprotein, lipid 1_chylomicrons TG 2a_LDL, cholesterol 2b_LDL/VLDL, cholesterol/TG 3_IDL/chylomicron. Cholesterol/TG 4_VLDL , TG 5_VLDL/chylomicron. Cholesterol/TG 6_very low levels of HDL
Regarding creatinine phosphatase: 1_where does it found 2_ values diagnostic in MI 3_isoenzymes 4_normal level
1_heart, skeletal. m, brain
2_CK b/w 160-1600 u/l,, CK. MB: more than 6
3_aCK. MB: heart m, increase in acute MI and cardiac surgery.
B_CK. MM: skeletal m, but also express MB in loe levels
C_CK. BB: brain, increase in malignant HT, Uremia, brain anoxia, necrosis of large intestine
D_CK. MIMI: mitochonderial, increase in MI Reyes syndrome, malignant tumors, necrotic liver disease.
4_female, less than 100,pathological: more than 120
male, less than 159,
pathological more than 160
Mention the causes of increased CK. MB
1_MI 2_Cardiogenic shock 3_myocarditis 4_post operative 5_cardiac defibrillation
Mention the causes of increasred CK. in skeletal m
1_sport 2_IM injection 3_operation 4_multiple traumas 5_muscle dystrophy 6_myasthenia graves and dystrophic myotonia 7_Arterial emboli 8_malignant hyperthermia 9_hypothyroidism 10_hypokalemia 11_intoxication and alcoholism 12_infectous diseases 13_Epilepsy
when dose myoglobin increase?
1_cardiac m damage
2_skeletal m damage
3_familial«Meyer. Betz ds»
4_high fever, stress, hyperthermia and vigrous sport.
5_diabetic acidosis, hypokalemia, barbiturate poisining
mention the different isoenzymes of LDH and there location
1_heart, RBC 2_Heart, RBC 3_lymph t, lungs, platelets, pancreas 4_liver, skeletal m 5_liver, skeletal m
when dose LDH increase?
1_MI 2_Hemolytic anemia 1 3_paraxosymal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 2-3 4_lymphoma 2_3 5_Duchenen 2_3 6_pulmonary embolism 3_4 7_liver ds 5 8_skeletal m ds 5 9_dermatomyositis, polymyositis 10_malignant tumors
regarding GOT, GPT
1_where
2_how much
3_elevation indicate what
1_muscle, liver, brain 2_GOT: 5_35,GPT: 7_56 3_liver disease, biliary tract skeletal muscle damage MI «GOT»
