CVS🫀ℹ️ Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
The right side of the heart receives ..
A
oxygen-poor blood from body tissues
2
Q
The right side of the heart pumps the blood to ?
A
to the lungs to pick up oxygen and dispel carbon dioxide.
3
Q
The blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs form the
A
pulmonary circuit
4
Q
The blood vessels that carry blood to and from all body tissues form the ..
A
systemic circuit.
5
Q
The left side of the heart ..
A
receives the oxygenated blood returning from the lungs
6
Q
The left side of the heart pumps the blood ..
A
throughout the body to supply oxygen and nutrients to body tissues.
7
Q
The mass of the heart ..
A
heart has a mass of 250 to 350 grams
8
Q
The heart is enclosed within the mediastinum. What is the mediastinum ?
A
the medial cavity of the thorax
9
Q
the heart extends obliquely for ..
A
12 to 14 cm, from the second rib to the fifth intercostal space.
10
Q
the heart is _______ to DIAPHRAGM.
A
Superior
11
Q
the heart is _______ to vertebral column.
A
Anterior
12
Q
the heart is _______ to STERNUM.
A
Posterior
13
Q
How wide is the heart ?
A
is about 9 cm
14
Q
apical impulse is ?
A
your beating heart’s apex
15
Q
double-walled sac that encloses The heart _______
A
Pericardium
16
Q
Fibrous pericardium
A
The loosely fitting superficial part of this sac
17
Q
tough, dense connective tissue layer of the Pericardium is ?
A
Fibrous pericardium
18
Q
The function of the fibrous pericardium is ?
A
(1) protects the heart
(2) anchors it to surrounding structures
(3) prevents overfilling of the heart with blood
19
Q
What is serous pericardium ?
A
thin, slippery, two-layer serous membrane that forms a closed sac around the heart ..
20
Q
What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?
A
- Parietal pericardium
- visceral pericardium
21
Q
parietal layer
A
lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium.
22
Q
Provide a description of parietal layer of serous pericardium ..
A
superior margin of the heart, the parietal layer attaches to the large arteries exiting the heart,
and then turns inferiorly and continues over the external heart surface
23
Q
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium ..
A
called the epicardium, which is an integral part of the heart wall.
24
Q
Between the parietal and visceral layers is ?
A
pericardial cavity, which contains a film of serous fluid
25
The serous membranes, lubricated by the fluid, have the ability to ..
glide smoothly past one another, allowing the mobile heart to work in a relatively friction-free environment.
26
The heart wall, richly supplied with blood vessels, is composed of three layers ..
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
27
Epicardium
is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium infiltrated with fat.
28
Myocardium
Is the middle layer, composed of cardiac muscles, and preform the contractions.
29
cardiac skeleton
The network of collagen and elastic fibers that are thicker in some spots than others providing the reinforcement to the myocardium by attaching its fibers together.
30
Endocardium
Located on the inner surface of the myocardium, covers the heart’s chambers and the skeleton of the valves, with its remarkable continuity with the endothelial tissue of the vessels that enters and exits the heart ..
31
What will happen if there is no cardiac skeleton ?
The valves and vessels will stretch because of the continuous flow of blood
The electrical impulses will spread to other specific pathways ( due to its ability of not being excited electrically )
32
interventricular septum
Separates the ventricles
33
interatrial septum
Separates the atria
34
What forms forms the heart apex ?
The left ventricle
35
coronary sulcus
Also called atrioventricular groove, encircles the junction between the atria and the ventricles like a crown
36
Anterior Interventricular sulcus
Cradling the **Anterior** interventricular artery and marks the **Anterior** of the septum between the left and right ventricles.
37
Posterior interventricular sculcus
Continuing the anterior interventricular sulcus and provides the landmark of the Posteroinferior of the heart.
38
The function of the auricles
Increase the volume of the atria
39
Description of the right atrium
Posterior part formed of smooth wall
Anterior part formed of pectinate muscles which are bundles the form some ridges on the anterior wall
40
The posterior and anterior regions of the right atrium are separated by a ..
C-Shaped ridge called the crista terminalis
41
Description for the left atrium
Most of it composed of smooth walls, pectinate are only present in the auricle.
42
Blood enters the right atrium via three veins
Superior vena cava: from upper parts of the diaphragm
Posterior vena cava: from lower parts of the diaphragm
Coronary sinus: from the myocardium
43
Four ___________ enter the left atrium
**pulmonary veins**
44
The right ventricle pumps blood into the ______
Pulmonary trunk
45
The left ventricle ejects blood into the _________
Aorta, the largest artery in the body
46
trabeculae carneae
Muscular ridges marks the internal walls of the ventricles
47
papillary muscles
Play a role within the valve function, projects into the ventricular cavity
48
atrioventricular (AV) valves location and function:
Atrioventricular junctions, prevention of the backflow of blood after the ventricular contractions.
49
What are The two atrioventricular (AV) valves ?
Mitral valve: also called bicuspid valve, has 2 cuspids, located at the left
Tricuspid valve: located at the right, has 3 cuspids
50
chordae tendineae are ..
Collagen cords attach the cusps to the papillary muscles
51
Semilunar (SL) Valves are ..
aortic and pulmonary (semilunar, SL) valves.
52
The Function of the SL valves ?
guard the bases of the large arteries prevent backflow into the associated ventricles.
53
How the SL valves look like ? And how they function ?
Each SL valve shaped roughly like a crescent moon Like the AV valves, the SL valves open and close in response to differences in pressure
54
left side of the heart is the ________ circuit pump
Systemic
55
right side of the heart is the _________ circuit pump
pulmonary
56
veins carry relatively ..
oxygen-poor blood to the heart
57
arteries transport ..
oxygen-rich blood from the heart.
58
Pulmonary arteries transport ..
oxygen-poor blood from the right side of your heart to your lungs.
59
Pulmonary veins carry relatively ..
oxygen-rich
from the lungs to the left atria of the heart.
60
the two ventricles have very unequal workloads.
The pulmonary circuit, served by the right ventricle, is a ..
short, low-pressure circulation
61
the two ventricles have very unequal workloads.
the systemic circuit, associated with the left ventricle characterized by ..
takes a long pathway through the entire body
encounters about five times as much resistance to blood flow.
62
The walls of the left ventricle are three times thinner than those of the right ventricle.
T/F
False, thicker
63
How, then, does the heart get nourishment?
It does so through the coronary circulation
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coronary circulation
the functional blood supply of the heart, and the shortest circulation in the body.
65
The left and right coronary arteries both arise from ..
the base of the aorta
66
The left and right coronary arteries both encircle the heart in the ..
coronary sulcus
67
left coronary artery runs toward the left side of the heart and then divides into two major branches:
anterior interventricular artery
circumflex artery
68
anterior interventricular artery (also known clinically as the left anterior descending artery) ..
follows the anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies blood to the interventricular septum
and anterior walls of both ventricles.
69
The circumflex artery ..
supplies the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricle.
70
The right coronary artery courses to the right side of the heart, where it also gives rise to two branches:
right marginal artery
posterior interventricular artery
71
right marginal artery
serves the myocardium of the lateral right side of the heart.
72
posterior interventricular artery
runs to the heart apex and supplies the posterior ventricular walls.
Near the apex of the heart, this artery merges (anastomoses) with the anterior interventricular artery.
73
The cardial vessels and their main branches lie in the ..
epicardium
74
The cardial vessels deliver blood when the heart is relaxed.
T/F
True, They are fairly ineffective when the ventricles are contracting because they are compressed by the contracting myocardium
75
Cardial veins join to form an enlarged vessel called the ..
Coronary sinus
76
The coronary sinus is obvious on the ..
( DIRECTIONS ).
posterior aspect of the heart
77
The sinus has three large tributaries:
great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
78
several anterior cardiac veins empty the blood to ..
directly into the right atrium anteriorly.
79
coronary sinus, which empties the blood into ..
The right atrium
80
heart sounds ..
two sounds during each heartbeat described as lub-dup, are associated with the heart valves closing
81
lub-dup, pause, lub- dup, pause, the pause indicates ..
the period when the heart is relaxing.
82
lub-dup, pause, lub- dup, pause, The first sound indicates ..
as the AV valves close.
83
lub-dup, pause, lub- dup, pause, The second sound indicates ..
that SL valves snap shut at the beginning of ventricular relaxation (diastole)
84
Aortic valve sounds heard in ..
2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin
85
Pulmonary valve sounds heard in ..
2nd intercostal space at left sternal margin
86
Mitral valve sounds heard .. ( Location ).
over heart apex (in 5th intercostal space) in line with middle of clavicle
87
Tricuspid valve sounds typically heard in ..
right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space
88
arterioles which feed into ..
the capillary beds of body organs
89
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, so they are said to ..
“branch,” “diverge,”
90
Veins, carry blood toward the heart and so are said to ..
“join,” “merge,”
91
Exchanges between the blood and tissue cells occur primarily through the ..
Gossamer-thin capillary walls
92
central blood-containing space called ..
Vessel lumen
93
The innermost tunic is the ..
Tunica intima
94
The tunica intima contains the
Endothelium, a layer of simple squamous epithelium ..
95
What is the function of tunica intima ?
Providing a slick non-frictional layer for the blood flow
96
In larger blood vessels the endothelium is supported by ..
Subendothelial layer, composed of basement membrane and loose connective tissue
97
the tunica media, is arranged into ..
Smooth muscles, and sheets of elastin
98
The activity of the smooth muscle is regulated by ..
Sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system.
With some chemicals
99
Depending on the body’s needs at any given moment, regulation of blood vessels causes either ..
Vasocontraction
Vasodilation
100
tunica media is the bulkiest layer in arteries
T/F
True
101
the other name of tunica externa ..
Tunica adventitia
102
Tunica externa is composed of ..
Loosely woven collagen fibers
103
The function of the loosely woven collagen fibers in tunica externa ..
- Protection
- attachment
- support
104
Tunica externa is infiltrated with ..
Lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers.
In larger veins, with a network of elastic fibers additionally ..
105
In larger vessels, the tunica externa contains a system of tiny blood vessels called ..
Vasa vasorum
106
In terms of relative size and function, arteries can be divided into three groups ..
Elastic
Muscular
Arteriole
107
arteries near the heart— the aorta and its major branches are example of ..
Elastic arteries
108
large lumens of the elastic arteries make them ..
Low-resistance pathways
109
elastic arteries are sometimes called __________ and the reason is ..
**Conducting arteries** ,because it conducts the blood from those large elastic arteries to those medium sized arteries.
110
_________ present in all three tunics, but the tunica media contains the most.
Elastin
111
Elastic artery's smooth muscle are relatively inactive during..
**Vasoconstriction.**
112
Elastic arteries are pressure reservoirs, WHY ?
Because of their ability to expand and recoil to maintain the flow of the blood.
113
without the pressure-smoothing effect of the elastic arteries, what would happen ?
Because of the continuous flow of the blood ( higher continuous pressure ) it would cause a damage in the vesular wall which may lead to An aneurysm.
114
the other name of muscular arteries is _______ so they can ..
Distributing arteries, because they provide the mean from the elastic arteries to deliver the blood to a specific organ.
115
most of the named arteries studied in the anatomy laboratory are ..
Muscular arteries
116
___________ have the thickest tunica media of all vessels.
Muscular arteries
117
The composition of tunica media in muscular arteries is ________ which lead it to ..
More smooth muscles than the elastic fibers, which make it more active in vasoconstriction but lower ability to stretch.
118
The smallest of the arteries are ..
The arterioles
119
Larger arterioles have _______ tunics.
All three
120
tunica media of larger arterioles is composed of ..
Smooth muscle with a fewly scattered elastic fibers
121
Smaller arterioles, which lead into the capillary beds, are
Little more than single layer of smooth muscle spiraling around the endothelial layer.
122
Minute-to-minute blood flow into the capillary beds is determined by ..
The arteriolar diameter
123
arteriolar diameter varies in response to changing ..
Neural, hormonal and chemical factors
124
arterioles are called additionally __________ because of ..
Resistance vessels, the changeable the resistance is depending on their diameter.
125
the smallest blood vessels are ..
The capillaries
126
capillaries consist of ..
Just a layer of tunica intima.
*In some cases, one endothelial cell forms the entire circumference of the capillary wall
127
pericytes are ..
Spider-shaped contractile stem cell
128
The function of the pericytes ?
📌 formation of new vessels
📌 stabilization of capillary walls
📌 management of the permeability of blood vessels.
129
Most tissues have a rich capillary supply, but there are exceptions.
**WHAT ARE THOSE EXCEPTIONS ?**
🧷 Tendons & ligaments
🔗 Cartilages & epithelia ( Nourishment by the vessels of the nearby connective tissue )
🧷 Eye lense & its cornea ( Nourishment by the aqueous humor )
130
Structurally, there are three types of capillaries ..
- Sinusoid
- Fenestrated
- Continuous
131
all three types have _________ junctions that join their endothelial cells together.
Tight junctions
132
intercellular clefts are ..
Incomplete tight junctions that form gaps between the endothelial cells’.
133
microcirculation
Movement of blood from an arteriole to a venule through a capillary bed.
134
vascular shunt
The connection between the metarteriole and the thoroughfare channel by a short vessel directly at the opposite ends of the bed.
135
true capillaries
The actual exchange vessels
136
capillary bed consists of two types of vessels:
- vascular shunt
- true capillary
137
The terminal arteriole feeding the bed leads into ..
The metarteriole
138
The metarteriole ..
Intermediate between the capillary bed and the terminal arteriole.
139
metarteriole is continuous with the ..
Thoroughfare channel
140
Thoroughfare channel
Intermediate between the capillary bed and the the postcapillary venule
141
The metarteriole is proximal to thoroughfare channel of the vascular shunt.
T/F
True
142
precapillary sphincter
A cuff of smooth muscle that act as a valve that regulates the blood flow through the capillaries which is located at the root of the true capillary specifically at the metarteriole.
143
Blood flowing through a terminal arteriole may go either through ..
Either through the true capillary or through the vascular shunt
144
precapillary sphincters are relaxed (open), blood flows through ..
True capillaries and takes part in exchange with tissue cells.
145
When the sphincters are contracted (closed), blood flows through ..
Vascular shunt, and bypasses the tissue cells.
146
What regulates the amount of blood entering a capillary bed ?
Local chemical conditions and arteriolar vasomotor nerve fibers
147
Capillaries unite to form ..
Venules
148
The smallest venules are ..
The postcapillary venules
149
postcapillary venules, consist of ..
Entirely of endothelium
150
Postcapillary venules are extremely tightened without any gaps.
T/F
False, extremely porous
151
Larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells ..
Scanty tunica media & thin tunica externa.
152
Venules join to form ..
Veins
153
Tunica media of veins ..
Consists of relatively little smooth muscle or elastin, and they are poorly developed & thin even in largest veins.
154
The tunica externa
Composed of thick longitudinal collagen Fibers and elastic networks and it is thicker than the tunica media.
155
In the largest veins—the venae cavae, what makes its tunica externa even thicker ?
Smooth muscles
156
Veins are called also ..
Capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs
157
Veins are called capacitance vessels and blood reservoirs because ..
They can hold up to 65% of the body’s blood supply
158
The walls of veins can be much thicker than arterial walls without danger of bursting because the blood pressure in veins is low.
T/F
False, thinner
159
the low-pressure condition demands several structural adaptations to ensure that veins return blood such ?
As larger lumens provide a low-resistance to blood flow.
160
the low-pressure condition demands several structural adaptations to ensure that veins return blood. What is the second adaptation ?
Venous valves
161
Venous valves ..
prevent blood from flowing backward in veins just as valves do in the heart.
162
They are formed from folds of the ..
Tunica intima
163
Venous valves are most abundant in the veins of ..
the limbs, where gravity opposes the upward flow of blood.
164
Venous valves are usually absent in ..
veins of the thoracic and abdominal body cavities.
165
Venous sinuses, such as ..
coronary sinus of the heart and the dural venous sinuses of the brain.
166
Venous sinuses ..
highly specialized, flattened veins with extremely thin walls composed only of endothelium.
167
Venous sinuses are supported by ..
the tissues that surround them, rather than by any additional tunics
168
The dural venous sinuses ..
receive cerebrospinal fluid and blood draining from the brain, are reinforced by the tough dura mater that covers the brain surface.
169
Typical cardiac pacemaker cells are found in ..
the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes
170
Some cells can sometimes act as pacemakers, Such ..
As atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle branches, and subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers)
171
Sinoatrial (SA) node ..
**(SHAPE & LOCATION)**
The crescent-shaped sinoatrial node is located in the right atrial wall, just inferior to the entrance of the superior vena cava.
172
The SA node sets the pace for the heart as a whole because ..
no other region of the conduction system or the myocardium has a faster depolarization rate.
173
____________ it is the heart’s pacemaker, and its characteristic rhythm, called ___________, determines heart rate.
Sinoatrial (SA) node, sinus rhythm.
174
From the SA node, the depo- larization wave spreads via gap junctions throughout the atria and via the internodal pathway to ..
atrioventricular node
175
atrioventricular node location ..
inferior portion of the interatrial septum immediately above the tricuspid valve.
176
At the AV node, the impulse is delayed for about 0.1 second. Why ?
allowing the atria to respond and complete their contraction before the ventricles contract.
177
At the AV node, the impulse is delayed, This delay reflects ..
the smaller diameter of the fibers & the fact that they have fewer gap junctions for current flow.
178
From the AV node, the impulse sweeps to the ..
atrioventricular bundle (also called the bundle of His)
179
bundle of His LOCATION.
superior part of the interventricular septum
180
Although the atria and ventricles are adjacent to each other, they are connected by gap junctions.
T/F
False, they’re not connected by gap junctions.
181
the only connection between the adjacent atria and ventricles ( to each other ) is ..
AV bundle is the only electrical connection between them.
182
The AV bundle persists only briefly before splitting into two pathways ..
the right and left bundle branches, which course along the interventricular septum toward the heart apex.
183
subendocardial conducting network, also called Purkinje fibers shape ?
barrel-shaped cells with few myofibrils.
184
Purkinje fibers completes the pathway through ..
the interventricular septum, penetrates into the heart apex, and then turns superiorly into the ventricular walls.
185
The bundle branches excite the septal cells, but the bulk of ventricular depolarization depends on ..
the large fibers of the conducting network and
ultimately, on cell-to-cell transmission of the impulse via gap junctions between the ventricular muscle cells.
Because the left ventricle is much larger
