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Medical > Microbiology 🦠 > Flashcards

Microbiology 🦠 Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

Pathogens

A

A disease causing agent that disturbs the physiology of the infected organism

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2
Q

Body tube

A

Image focuses

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3
Q

Ocular lens

A

Magnifies image

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4
Q

Objective lens 1

A

Gather light, magnifies and focuses image inside the body tube

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5
Q

Objective lens 2

A

The objective lens (bottom) (convex lens) magnifies & focuses (collects) the image inside the body tube and the ocular lens (top) (convex lens) of a microscope magnifies it (again).

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6
Q

Staining

A

to better see structures

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7
Q

Microbial culture

A

growing the microbe

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8
Q

Container for microbe culture

A
  • usually Petri dish
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9
Q

• Culture media

A
  • Food for the microbes
  • E.g. Agar - (from red algae)
  • Others such as nutrient broths
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10
Q

Normal Flora

A

Microorganisms living on and inside us are 10 times more than the no. of our cells.

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11
Q

Microorganisms are essential for life on this planet as

A

some produce oxygen e.g. algae and cyanobacteria.

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12
Q

Many microorganisms are involved in the decomposition of

A

dead organisms and the waste product of living organisms. (Decomposers or Saprophytes).

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13
Q

Some microorganisms can decompose

A

industrial waste like oil spills.

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14
Q

Microorganisms are part of the food chain as

A

tiny animals feed on them. Others are involved in elemental cycles like carbon, nitrogen, sulfur…

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15
Q

Many microorganisms are essential in various food and

A

beverage industries e.g. production of cheese.

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16
Q

Some microorganisms are used to produce certain

A

enzymes, chemicals, and antibiotics.

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17
Q

Microorganisms are essential in the field of

A

genetic engineering.

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18
Q

For many years, microbes have been used as

A

“cell models” to study the structure and function of cells in general.

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19
Q

Bacteria in intestine help in

A

Disgusting and production of some vitamins.

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20
Q

Finally microorganisms can cause disease either by

A

colonizing the body or by production of toxins.

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21
Q

Bacteria may cause disease (pathogenic) by ..

A
  • producing toxic compounds (exotoxins)
  • releasing the substances when destroyed (endotoxins)
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22
Q

Bacteria reproduce quickly & compete with host cells for ..

A

space & nutrition.

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23
Q

Surface envelope of bacteria consists of:

A

Capsule

Cell wall

Cytoplasmic membrane

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24
Q

Cytoplasmic structures consists of ( only mentioned in the slides ) ..

A

Nucleoid

Plasmid

Ribosomes

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25
Cell appendages of bacteria consists of ..
Flagellae Pili ( Fimbriae )
26
Capsule is for:
protection & biofilm
27
Cell wall
resist osmotic pressure
28
Cytoplasmic membrane
surrounding membrane
29
Nucleoid
genetic material
30
Plasmid
circular free DNA
31
Ribosomes
protein synthesis
32
Flagellae
movement
33
Pili (Fimbriae):
Attachment
34
Bacterial reproduction in three ways, **What are they ?**
Binary fission Conjugation Spore formation
35
normal microbiot
Microorganisms that establish permanent colonies inside/on the body without producing disease
36
Humans and animals within the uterus are ..
Germ free
37
After birth the microorganisms ..
Microorganisms begin colonization
38
Transient microbiota
microbes that are present for various periods and then disappear
39
Why bother differentiating bacteria?
cause different diseases are resistant to different some antibiotics bacteria are common normal flora whilst other closely related species are pathogens
40
How to Classify Bacteria ?
Based on .. microscopic appearance (shape) & (stain) different properties-often biochemical reactions different bacterial growth requirement Cell arrangement: individual, pairs, chains, tetrads (sarcina), (grape-like) staph clusters Motility Nutritional requirements
41
Cell walls contain different amounts of peptidoglycan and other substances which result in characteristic staining properties such as ?
Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and Acid-fast cells.
42
Gram-positive bacteria
have a single outer membrane surrounded by a thick layer of peptidoglycan
43
Gram-negative bacteria
have a thin layer of peptidoglycan located between two outer membranes
44
Gram staining works as a result of
the different effects of ethanol on the cell wall of the bacteria.
45
Acid fast stain is the other name of ..
Ziehl-Neelsen stain)
46
Example of Some organisms contain many lipids in their cell wall ?
Mycobacteriun tuberculosis.
47
Obligatory aerobes:
Can grow only in presence of free O2.
48
Obligatory anaerobes:
• Grow in absence of O2. • Can not grow in the presence of oxygen. e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
49
Facultative anaerobes:
• Can grow well in presence or absence of O2. • Most of pathogenic bacteria belong to this group.
50
The carbohydrate fermentation test is used to ..
determine whether or not bacteria can ferment a specific carbohydrate.
51
Endotoxin
Lipopolysaccharide of Gram negative bacteria.
52
Exotoxin
Secretion in environment.
53
*Toxoid is*
** toxin treated, usually with formaldehyde, so that it loses toxicity but retains antigenicity**.
54
Viruses
**metabolically inactive** & **incapable of reproducing** unaided of a host cell
55
Viruses can be either ..
DNA based ( adenoviruses ) RNA based ( retroviruses )
56
Simpler viruses may lack a ..
Capsid
57
more complex viruses may possess an external
Lipid envelope
58
Structure of the virus .. ( Better to mention the function of each )
Capsid ( such as viroid ) Virion Nucleocapsid Protein spikes Membrane envelope
59
Viral shapes ..
Helical Polyhedral symmetrical Complex like bacteriophage Enveloped
60
There are two different cycles that viruses use to replicate (reproduce).
Lytic cycle: reproduction with destruction Lysogenic cycle: reproduction without destruction
61
why the Lysogenic Cycle?
Some stay dormant within host’s DNA, they flare-up in response to stress ( environmental changes ). E.G. Herpes
62
Viroids
- sub viral - smallest infectious pathogens - They are made up of a short strand of circular single strand RNA - without a protein coat - do not code for any protein - present on plants and cause diseases in them.
63
spongiform encephalopathy ?
Aggregation of Prion proteins together that cause holes in the brain tissue
64
Infectious prion proteins are more resistant to denaturation & difficult to treat T/F
True
65
Disease-causing fungi usually attack ..
Body surfaces, mucous membranes
66
hyphae
branching filaments which may form an invading threads called mycelium.
67
Examples of fungal infections ..
Thrush ( yeasts ), Athletes foot ( molds )
68
Fungi can be categorized according to
Uni- or Multi- cellular, yeasts or molds. Respectively.
69
parasite ?
An organism that feeds and grow within an other organism
70
Parasites can be classed as ..
Ectoparasite: out of the organism Endoparasite: inside of the organism
71
Endoparasites can include ..
Microparasites, unicellular Protozoa Macroparasites, multicellular helminthes
72
Helminthes classified according to body shape to:
Flatworms: Cestode —> tape like Trematode —> leaf like Roundworms: Intestinal nematode —> Ascaris Tissue nematode —> pinworm
73
Helminthes sex is ?
Separated or combined
74
Elephantiasis is caused by?
Worms living with the organism tissue ( lymphatics )
75
Protists are ?
Unicellular
76
Important infectious diseases are caused by parasitic protists ..
Sleeping sickness by trypanosoma Malaria by plasmodium Diarrhea by cryptosporidium Opportunistic life threatening

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