CVS Anatomy

Question 1

At what vertebral level does the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta occur?

Answer 1

L4

Question 2

At what vertebral level does the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries occur?

Answer 2

L5

Question 3

What is the typical diameter of the aortic root? And how can this vary during dilation?

Answer 3

3.5cm to 4.5cm

Question 4

Name the most proximal to the most distal structures arising from the aortic root

Answer 4

1. Brachiocephalic arteries
2. Left common carotid artery
3. Left subclavian artery

Question 5

Arteries are to branches as veins are to _______

Answer 5

Tributaries

Question 6

What are the great arteries of the heart?

Answer 6

Aorta and Pulmonary trunk

Question 7

What are the great veins of the heart?

Answer 7

The vena caval

Question 8

Describe the azygous system?

Answer 8

Drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins to the SVC

Question 9

What components make up both the tunica intima and the endocardium?

Answer 9

Basement membrane, connective tissue and epithelium

Question 10

Which side of the chest drains its lymph to the thoracic duct?

Answer 10

Left

Question 11

What two vessels make up the azygous system?

Answer 11

Azygous vein - on right side of posterior mediastinum

Hemiazygous vein - on right side, crosses over midline of body and drains into azygous vein at approx. T8/T9

Question 12

Lymphatics from the right upper quadrant of the body drain into where?

Answer 12

The right lymphatic duct

Question 13

What are the three histological layers of the heart?

Answer 13

Endocardium, myocardium and epicardium (pericardium)

Question 14

What anterior chest wall veins drain into the internal thoracic vein?

Answer 14

Superior epigastric vein

Question 15

The superior epigastric vein is located where?

Answer 15

The anterior chest wall

Question 16

The superior epigastric vein drains into what vein?

Answer 16

Internal thoracic vein

Question 17

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

Answer 17

In the junction between the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

Question 18

What and where is the cisterns chyli?

Answer 18

The origin of the thoracic duct at L4

Question 19

The subclavian artery becomes what artery at the lateral boarder of the first rib?

Answer 19

Axillary artery

Question 20

What anterior chest wall arteries arise from the internal thoracic artery?

Answer 20

Musculophrenic and epigastric arteries

Question 21

The musculophrenic artery and which other artery arise from the internal thoracic artery?

Answer 21

Superior epigastric arteries

Question 22

What artery gives rise to the musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries?

Answer 22

Internal thoracic artery

Question 23

Where does the brachial artery bifurcate and what does it branch into?

Answer 23

Inferior to the cubital fossa - branching into the radial and ulnar arteries

Question 24

What is the clinical significance of the median cubital vein?

Answer 24

Good for cannulation

Question 25

What are venae comitantes?

Answer 25

Veins following deep arteries in the limbs

Question 26

What is the larger vessel of the internal and external iliac arteries?

Answer 26

External

Question 27

What does the external iliac artery branch into?

Answer 27

Deep and superficial femoral arteries

Question 28

Which artery gives rise to the popliteal artery?

Answer 28

Superficial femoral artery

Question 29

What two arteries bifurcate from the popliteal artery?

Answer 29

Anterior and posterior tibial

Question 30

What are the superficial veins of the lower limb?

Answer 30

Great and small saphenous

Question 31

Between what two layers of the pericardium does the pericardial cavity lie?

Answer 31

The visceral and parietal layer

Question 32

Which layer of the pericardium belongs simultaneously to both the heart wall and the serous pericardium?

Answer 32

Visceral

Question 33

Which layer of the pericardium is inseparably attached to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 33

The parietal

Question 34

What are the tributaries of the IVC?

Answer 34

Right and left common iliac veins

Question 35

What is the protective role of the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 35

Prevents the heart from overfilling

Question 36

What is the main nerve responsible for the innervation of the parietal and fibrous layers of the heart?

Answer 36

Phrenic nerve

Question 37

Which layers of the pericardium are innervated by pain nerve fibres?

Answer 37

Parietal and fibrous layers

Question 38

What artery gives rise to the internal thoracic artery?

Answer 38

The subclavian arteries

Question 39

What are the three histological tissue layers of blood vessels?

Answer 39

- Tunica Intima - Tunica media - Tunica adventitia

Question 40

What is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 40

Excessive fluid in the pericardial cavity

Question 41

What can occur as a result of cardiac tamponade?

Answer 41

Impedes optimum fluid dynamics and can ultimately lead to cardiac failure

Question 42

What chamber of the heart constitutes the base?

Answer 42

The left atrium

Question 43

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain to?

Answer 43

The junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

Question 44

What chamber of the heart constitutes its apex?

Answer 44

The left ventricle

Question 45

What is the fossa ovalis?

Answer 45

Visible depression in the inter-atrial septum

Question 46

What did the fossa ovalis arise from?

Answer 46

The foramen ovale

Question 47

What is the function of the foramen ovale?

Answer 47

To allow the transmission of blood from one side of the heart directly to the other - along with the ductus arteriosus it allowed bypass of the lungs during placental oxygenation of blood during gestation

Question 48

What is atrial septal defect (ASD)?

Answer 48

Improper closure of the inter-atrial septum - allows pulmonary venous return to pass from left atrium to the right directly

Question 49

What is the purpose of the moderator band?

Answer 49

Allows innervation of papillary muscles to aid opening of atrioventricular valves

Question 50

What is the function of the chordae tendonae?

Answer 50

Prevents regurgitation of blood

Question 51

Visceral pericardium receives what kind of innervation?

Answer 51

Autonomic innervation from T1-T4 nerves via the cardiac plexus

Question 52

Where do the coronary arteries and cardiac veins lie on the surface of the heart?

Answer 52

In the atrioventricular (coronary) and interventricular (anterior and posterior) sulci

Question 53

From what part of the aorta do the coronary arteries arise?

Answer 53

The root

Question 54

At what anatomical point does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

Answer 54

At the lower margin of the teres major muscle

Question 55

What vein anastomoses with the basilic and cephalic veins?

Answer 55

The median cubital vein

Question 56

The right coronary artery distributes blood to what structures?

Answer 56

Right side of the heart including the nodes and bundle of His

Question 57

The left coronary artery distributes blood to what structures?

Answer 57

Both ventricles (plus septum) Left atrium and SA node

Question 58

Where is the SA node located?

Answer 58

Near the opening of the SVC?

Question 59

What are the deep veins of the lower limb?

Answer 59

External iliac, femoral, popliteal, posterior and anterior tibial and fibular vein

Question 60

Where is the AV node located?

Answer 60

Lies in the inferior part of the interatrial septum

Question 61

Where is the bundle of His located?

Answer 61

Within each side of interventricular wall

Question 62

What types of artery are both the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

Answer 62

Elastic and conducting

Question 63

What type of artery are the radial and femoral arteries?

Answer 63

Muscular and distributing

Question 64

What tissue predominates the tunica media of arteries?

Answer 64

Smooth muscular tissue

Question 65

What is the septomarginal trabeculum also known as?

Answer 65

The moderator band

Question 66

Where is the thoracic duct located?

Answer 66

Located between the vertebral bodies between the azygous vein and the descending aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall

Question 67

Which pair of arteries anastomose in the coronary sulcus?

Answer 67

The marginal artery and right coronary artery

Question 68

What are the tributaries of the SVC?

Answer 68

The azygous and brachiocephalic veins

Question 69

Which pair of arteries anastomose in the interventricular sulcus?

Answer 69

The circumflex and left coronary arteries

Question 70

What named ganglia feed into the cardiac plexus?

Answer 70

The middle cervical and stellate ganglia

Question 71

What two types of tissue are present in the tunica media?

Answer 71

Smooth muscle and elastic fibres

Question 72

What three types of arteries are there?

Answer 72

Elastic, muscular and arterioles

Question 73

At what surface anatomy point does the mediastinum divide into its superior and inferior regions?

Answer 73

T4

Question 74

At what anatomical point does the apex of the heart occur?

Answer 74

Fifth left intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line

Question 75

Where does the descending aorta lie?

Answer 75

Along the left of the thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies

Question 76

At what vertebral level does the beginning and termination of the aortic arch occur?

Answer 76

T4