CVS Overview

Question 1

What is the circulatory system?

Answer 1

Organ system transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, etc

Question 2

What is the cardiovascular system?

Answer 2

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries), blood, lymphatic system

Question 3

What are the 2 “loops” of circulation?

Answer 3

1. Pulmonary circulation

2. Systemic circulation

Question 4

Describe the pulmonary circulation

Answer 4

• Oxygen depleted blood
• Passes from heart to lungs
• Returns oxygenated blood to heart

Question 5

Describe the systemic circulation

Answer 5

• Oxygen rich blood
• Passes from heart to rest of body
• Returns deoxygenated blood to heart

Question 6

What are the boundaries of the superior mediastinum?

Answer 6

T1 and sternal angle (rib number 2)

Question 7

Which part of the body is used as a reference for CPR?

Answer 7

Middle mediastinum

Question 8

What is the pericardium?

Answer 8

Outermost fibrous layer protecting the heart - consists of 2 layers (visceral and parietal layers)
The pericardium provides an anchor - holds everything in place

Question 9

What is between the visceral and parietal pericardium?

Answer 9

Serous fluid

Question 10

What is the purpose of serous fluid between the viscera land parietal pericardium layerS?

Answer 10

Minimises friction each time the heart beats

Question 11

What is myocardium?

Answer 11

Heart muscle - forms the bulk of the heart

Question 12

What is a myocardial infarction?

Answer 12

A heart attack

Question 13

What does the superior vena cava drain?

Answer 13

Everything above the level of the heart

Question 14

What does the inferior vena cava drain?

Answer 14

Everything below the level of the heart

Question 15

Why does the pulmonary trunk divide in two?

Answer 15

One artery for left lung, one artery for right lung

Question 16

Which arteries carry deoxygenated blood?

Answer 16

Pulmonary arteries

Question 17

Where is the apex of the heart located?

Answer 17

At the bottom of the heart

Question 18

Where does the umbilical vein go?

Answer 18

Goes into the baby’s heart from the mother’s placenta

Carries oxygenated blood

Question 19

What is the function of the ductus venousus in foetal circulation?

Answer 19

Allows oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to bypass the liver
Oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein is shunted directly to the inferior vena cava

Question 20

What is the name of the hole between the atria in developing babies?

Answer 20

Foramen ovale

Question 21

What is the purpose of the foramen ovale?

Answer 21

Shunts oxygenated blood from right to left atria
Allows oxygenated blood coming from the umbilical vein via the inferior vena cava to bypass the pulmonary circulation
Lungs don’t work until ~35 weeks

Question 22

What happens to the foramen ovale when a baby is born?

Answer 22

Once the umbilical cord is cut, the foramen ovale shuts instantly.

Question 23

What is the ductus arteriosus?

Answer 23

Allows blood from right ventricle to bypass the lungs

Allows blood to pass straight from pulmonary trunk to the aorta

Question 24

What is the purpose of the 3 shunts in foetal circulation?

Answer 24

Ductus venous: shunts blood away from liver

Ductus artists and foramen ovale: allows blood to bypass the lungs (non-functioning)

Question 25

What happens if coronary arteries are blocked?

Answer 25

Heart attack

Question 26

Which arteries are termed 'end arteries' to the heart?

Answer 26

Coronary arteries

Question 27

What is the foramen ovals called when it shuts?

Answer 27

Fossa ovalis

Question 28

What drains the heart?

Answer 28

Orifice of coronary sinus

Question 29

What do musculi pectinati do?

Answer 29

Cause turbulence | Increase the flow of blood/help to propel blood

Question 30

What are chordae tendinae?

Answer 30

Heart strings - tough, tendinous strands attached to papillary muscles

Question 31

What is the purpose of chordae tendinae?

Answer 31

Hold the atrioventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid) in place when pumping blood - ensures blood doesn't flow in the opposite direction

Question 32

Which ventricle supplies the lungs?

Answer 32

Right ventricle

Question 33

Which ventricle has a thicker wall and why?

Answer 33

Left ventricle = thicker wall | Because the left ventricle supplies the systemic circuit - requires more force to pump blood round the body

Question 34

What are septal defects?

Answer 34

Holes in the heart

Question 35

What are the 3 types of septal defect that can occur?

Answer 35

1. Atrial septal defect (foramen ovale may not close properly) 2. Ventricular septal defect (ductus arteriosus may not close properly) 3. Atrioventricular septal defect

Question 36

What are the 3 types of septal defect that can occur?

Answer 36

1. Atrial septal defect (foramen ovale may not close properly) 2. Ventricular septal defect 3. Atrioventricular septal defect

Question 37

What do the heart sounds "lub" and "dub" correspond to?

Answer 37

"lub": loud noise due to closure of the AV valves at time of atrial systole "dub": soften sound due to closure of the semilunar valves at the time of ventricular systole

Question 38

Which valves have chordae tendinae?

Answer 38

AV valves - semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves) don't have chordae tendinae

Question 39

What is the right AV valve called?

Answer 39

Tricuspid valve

Question 40

What is the left AV valve called?

Answer 40

Bicuspid/mitral valve

Question 41

What is the purpose of the valves in the heart?

Answer 41

Prevent the back flow of blood

Question 42

What is infective endocarditis?

Answer 42

Infection of the endocardium usually by bacteria (e.g. strep viridians, staph aureus) Most common is subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)

Question 43

What is infective endocarditis?

Answer 43

Infection of the endocardium usually by bacteria (e.g. strep viridians, staph aureus) Most common is subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) Occurs on rheumatic or congenitally abnormal valves Can also affect prosthetic valves May present as a murmur

Question 44

Which dental problem can cause infective endocarditis?

Answer 44

Dental abscess

Question 45

What is ischaemia?

Answer 45

Reduced oxygen supply to tissue | Can result in collateral circulation developing (alternate circulate around a blocked artery or vein)

Question 46

What is angina pectoris?

Answer 46

Chest pain related to coronary artery disease (CAD)

Question 47

What is a CABG?

Answer 47

Coronary artery bypass graft | Reattach veins to act as arteries

Question 48

What are the components of the conducting system of the heart?

Answer 48

Right atrium, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, Purkinje fibres

Question 49

What is atrial fibrillation?

Answer 49

Rapid, irregular contraction of different parts of the atria

Question 50

What is ventricular fibrillation?

Answer 50

- Rapid, irregular contraction fo the ventricles - Not compatible with systemic and pulmonary circulation - This is the most disorganised form of cardiac arrhythmia, and leads to cardiac arrest

Question 51

What are the 3 layers of the arterial wall?

Answer 51

Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventitia

Question 52

What effect does systole have on arterial walls?

Answer 52

Causes expansion of arterial walls

Question 53

What is arterial blood pressure maintained by during diatole?

Answer 53

Recoil

Question 54

How is blood flow regulated arteries?

Answer 54

Varying diameter of the capillaries

Question 55

What are 3 types of arteries?

Answer 55

- Muscular arteries: radial, femoral, coronary and cerebral arteries - Elastic arteries: Aorta, common carotid, subclavian and pulmonary arteries - Arterioles: terminal branches supplying capillary bed