CVT 101 Vascular Unit PP

Question 0

How many miles of vasculature in the body?

Answer 0

There are about 60,000 miles of vasculature in the adult body.

Question 1

Average diameter of cells:

Answer 1

0.02 mm or 20 microns

Question 2

Cardiovascular system:

Answer 2

a pump, a series of distributing and collecting tubes, and an extensive system of thin vessels that permit rapid exchange between blood and tissues.

Question 3

3 circulatory circuits:

Answer 3

systemic
pulmonary
and portal
(plus renal?)

Question 4

Distribution of blood volume-

Venules, veins, vena cavae:

Answer 4

64%

Question 5

What can veins do in the event of a massive hemorrhage or during exercise?

Answer 5

The veins can shunt blood over to the arterial side to maintain core blood pressure in the event of massive hemorrhage and to maintain blood flow during exercise.

Question 6

What do Arteries do and what are they made up of?

Answer 6

1. Carry blood away from heart
2. More elastic tissue proximally, to absorb energy during systole, then put energy back into system during diastole, thus maintaining flow between heartbeats
3. More smooth muscle distally, which increases arterial stiffness and resistance to flow

Question 7

What does pulsatility mean?

Answer 7

how much it travels from the mean

Question 8

What do Arterioles do and what are they made up of?

Answer 8

1. Connect arteries with capillaries
2. Large smooth-muscle component in walls
3. Stopcocks of the vascular system; control of flow and resistance 4. Smooth muscle response to sympathetic nerve activity, local conditions (chemistry)

Question 9

What are Capillaries and what do they do?

Answer 9

1. Connect arterioles and venules
2. Capillary beds…(not simple)
3. One layer of endothelial cells
   exchange of substances in and out of cells
4. They are very small and have no pulsatility

Question 10

How big are Capillaries ans what is there transit time?

Answer 10

4. 8 microns in diameter (~ one RBC)
5. 10 billion capillaries; total surface area for exchange = 500 m2
6. Transit time: 1–3 seconds, during which all diffusion must take place (diffusion rate vs. distance…)

Question 11

What do Venules do and what are they made up of?

Answer 11

1. Gather blood from capillaries and send to veins

2. No smooth muscle tissue; just endothelial and connective (i.e., just intima and adventitia)

Question 12

What are Veins and what do they do?

Answer 12

1. Return blood to heart
2. Venous reservoir; capacitance; 2/3 of total blood volume at rest (some say 3/4)
3. Low pressure, high volume; total CSA about 4 times that of corresponding arteries

Question 13

How many leaflets do vein valves have? Where are there more valves?

Answer 13

Valves: two leaflets; sinus (for better function) prevent reflux site of thrombus formation
There are more valves in the lower extremities because of hydrostatic pressure.

Question 14

How does the Deep system and superficial system in lower extremities work?

Answer 14

flow moves from superficial to deep via perforating veins with one-way valves

Question 15

What are the two main superficial veins?

Answer 15

Great saphenous vein and the small saphenous vein

Question 16

What does the Muscle pump in legs do during relaxation and contraction?

Answer 16

soleal sinuses (also site of thrombus formation)
When the muscle pump is relaxed the blood flows in
When the muscle pump is contracted blood flows out

Question 17

What are soleal sinuses, where are they, and how do they work with the muscle pump?

Answer 17

they are little pouching structure in the soleals muscle that gather the venous blood and rout the blood to the posterior tibial vein where it is pushed out of the leg. The bellows of the muscle pump.

Question 18

What is the Portal system and where does it start and end?

Answer 18

1. Begins and ends as capillaries
2. Connects digestive loop with liver, hepatic veins, and IVC 3. RBC–hemoglobin cycle
3. this is the only loop that begins as capillaries in the digestive track and ends as capillaries in the liver.

Question 19

What are the three layers of wall tissue?

Answer 19

1. Tunica adventitia
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica intima

Question 20

What is the Tunica adventitia?

Answer 20

outer layer made up of connective tissue

Question 21

What is the Tunica media?

Answer 21

middle layer with smooth muscle cells, elastin, and collagen Composition of this layer determines the vessels’ mechanical properties

Question 22

What is the Tunica intima?

Answer 22

smooth inner lining of vessels; single layer of endothelial cells Normally has anti-clotting, anti-platelet properties; interruption of these may start most vascular disease— both atherosclerosis and thrombosis

Question 23

What is the Vasa vasorum (vessel-vessels)?

Answer 23

blood supply to the vascular tissue

Question 24

What are the five types of vessels?

Answer 24

``` Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins ```

Question 25

What is blood considered to be?

Answer 25

An organ

Question 26

What is hematocrit and what is the normal percentage?

Answer 26

formed particles in blood, usually about 42% ±

Question 27

What are RBCs?

Answer 27

hemoglobin that carries O2 throughout the body We make and destroy about 200 billion a day

Question 28

What are platelets?

Answer 28

initiate healing process, but also initiate plaque and thrombus Thombocytopenia: heparin therapy complication

Question 29

What are White cells called and what do they do?

Answer 29

phagocytes | They eat bad substances in the body

Question 30

Landmark: | Diaphragm

Answer 30

The diaphragm defines the thoracic aorta from the abdominal aorta

Question 31

Landmark: | Antecubital fossa

Answer 31

brachial artery and veins

Question 32

Landmark: | Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Answer 32

acoustic window that allows us to scan the carotid arteries

Question 33

Landmark: | Thyroid

Answer 33

reliable landmark for defining medial from lateral when looking at the carotid artery

Question 34

Landmark: | Thoracic outlet

Answer 34

Over the first rib. landmark that defines the end of subclavian artery and vein and the beginning of auxiliary and vein

Question 35

Landmark: | Popliteal fossa

Answer 35

space behind the knee where the popliteal artery and vein are

Question 36

Landmark: | Medial malleolus

Answer 36

is your medial ankle bone used as a landmark to find the posterior tibial artery and vein

Question 37

Landmark: Lateral malleolus

Answer 37

landmark to find the peroneal artery and veins

Question 38

Landmark: Adductor canal (Hunter's canal)

Answer 38

also called hunters canal. that is a channel of the muscle group in the upper thigh. superficial femeral artery and the femoral vein

Question 39

Landmark: Adductor hiatus

Answer 39

defines the distal femoral artery and vein from the proximal popliteal artery and vein.

Question 40

Landmark: Inguinal ligament

Answer 40

ligament that angles across the pelvic bone. The external iliac artery and vein run under it at the groin crease where they become the common femoral artery. The external iliac is proximal and the common femoral artery is distal.

Question 41

Landmark: Intermuscular sulcus

Answer 41

corresponds with the adductor canal. it is a groove over the medial thigh

Question 42

Define Proximal/Distal

Answer 42

proximal is closer to Distal is farther from

Question 43

Define: Lateral/Medial

Answer 43

Lateral out to the side Medial is toward the midline

Question 44

Define: Cephalad/Caudal

Answer 44

Cephalad is toward the head Caudal is toward the tail

Question 45

Define: Superior/Inferior

Answer 45

Superior is above | Inferior is below

Question 46

Define: Transverse

Answer 46

dividing the body into two parts top and bottom

Question 47

Define: Sagittal

Answer 47

means dividing the body into left and right portions

Question 48

Define: Cross-sectional

Answer 48

short axis

Question 49

Define: Longitudinal

Answer 49

long axis

Question 50

Define: Oblique

Answer 50

example: the heart, because it does not lye on any specific plane. Its relative to all three body planes.

Question 51

Define: Short axis/Long axis

Answer 51

Short axis is transverse and | Long axis is sagittal more or less.