Cycle 11 Flashcards by Diya Vyas

______: Collection of individuals

Population

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Original human population speciated from chimpanzees in central ____

Africa

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________: Size per unit area

Population density

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Is population density different in some parts of the world compared to others

yes

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Factors that increase/decreased human population

Geographic range expands
Agriculture
Black Death The plague (decreased population)
Industrial Revolution - technological innovations, use of resources more effectively (HUGE increase)

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The current human population (worldwide) is around __ billion

8.2

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Populations grow if the rate of ____ (or immigration) is greater than the rate of ____ (or emigration)

births, deaths

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_______ ______ models describe and predict how population size changes over time

Population growth

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Per capita birth rate =
_____/_____

births per year (or new individuals entering the population)/population size

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Per capita death rate =
_____/______

deaths per year (or individuals leaving)/population size

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More births than deaths: r__0 (population grows)

r>0

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More deaths than births: r__0 (population shrinks)

r<0

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Per capita growth rate (r) =______ - _______

per capita broth rate - per capita death rate

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Per capita growth rate is also called the ____ rate of increase

intrinsic

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Humans, 2024 per capita: r - ______

0.009, or 0.9%

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Faster per capita growth rates for organisms with _____ generation times (r is not constant among different species)

shorter

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Ex: bacteria/single-celled organisms (shorter generation time, _____ values of r)

larger

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Population growth models: ________ growth
Growth rate (dN/dt) = rN

Exponential

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Does per capita growth rate change with population size?

Per capita growth rate doesn’t change with population size

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The total growth rate accelerates as __ increases

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__ can vary across habitats, over time, etc

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Happens when conditions are ideal and resources are unlimited:

exponential growth

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Population growth models: ____ growth
Eventually, resources become limiting and the population approaches its carrying capacity K

Logistic

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Is exponential growth realistic?

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Adjusted for how close the population is to K =

r x N x (K-N/K)

Per capita growth rate ______ as N increases

DECREASES

Carrying capacity (__)

Population growth curve =

r x population size (N)

The human population depends on:

Food Water Healthcare Education Contraceptive use Economics Culture

How do you think the human population will grow in the next 100 years? ***iclicker***

Logistically

Two Environmental factors affecting population growth rates and size:

Density-dependent and Density-independent

_______: (have more impact on large populations) influence increases or decreases with changes in population density

Density-dependent

_______: influence is the same on an individual regardless of population density

Density-independent

Density-dependent factors (examples)

e.g. intraspecific competition for resources Plants growing at high density produce fewer seeds An important principle in agriculture

Other density-dependent factors that regulate population size, besides intraspecific competition for food or space? (3)

-Parasites and communicable diseases -Accumulation of waste or toxins -Predation

Species that interact (eg predator and prey) each have a ______ effect on the other

density-dependent

Density-independent effects on population size examples:

Abiotic (non-living) component of the environment extreme heat or cold natural disasters (fire, hurricane, floods)

Biological, intrinsic factors: (4)

-fecundity (potential reproductive output) -age of reproductive maturity, reproductive lifespan -number of offspring produced per reproductive event -number of reproductive events in an individual’s lifetime

Density-dependent and -independent factors can interact, give examples

Ex: extreme heat weakens health and increases susceptibility to disease Ex: climate warming makes this rabbit more conspicuous to predators

average time between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring:

generation time

Bigger body organisms have a ____ generation time

longer

_____ and population growth number of individuals of each age If the age pyramid has a wider base (more younger individuals), the ____ population likely to grow

Age structure faster

In humans, population growth & age structure are linked to _____ development

economic

Stage 1: Preindustrial High birth rates/high death rates = population _______

does not grow

Stage 2: Transitional High birth rates/low death rates (decreases first) = population ______

grows Very rapidly

Stage 3: Industrial Both birth rates and death rates are relatively ___

low

Stage 4: Postindustrial Birth rates continue to decline, death rates don't decline anymore so the population ______

decreases

Which of the following is a factor contributing to the continued growth of the human population? ***iclicker*** 1. We have expanded our geographical range. 2. We have increased our carrying capacity by introducing agriculture. 3. Advances in public health have reduced the density-dependent effects of disease. 4. We have had more time than other species to evolve more successful adaptations to the environment

1,2,3

Humans have big impacts on other species: Extracting and controlling resources and ______ impacts (pollution, climate change)

Environmental

IPAT framework Impact =

population size x Affluence x Technology

The wealthiest populations, not necessarily the largest populations, have the biggest effect on:

the environment

Humans are predators and ______

competitors

Humans modify the ______ Effects carrying capacity

landscape

Human activities change the _____

climate

Humans cultivate some species for ____

food

Only __ of the combined weight of mammals on Earth is wild

Humans try to conserve: re-introduce ______ species back to their historic range

threatened

Biological control: introduce a ____ species to an area to control a local pest

new

Population interact in different ways (_______ interactions), with different effects on each party

interspecific

_____, _____, _____: +/- Natural enemies Predator/herbivor, parasites gets nutrients Prey/plant/host is killed, injured or weakend

Predation, herbivory, parasitism:

______: -/- Both competitiers lose some resources Would do better if other one is not there

Competition

______: +/+ Both benefit from interacting with the other

Mutualism

Commensalism: +/0 One party benefits, one is unaffected

_______: -/0 One party is harmed, one is unaffected

Amensalism

Many interactions are ______ (organisms live on or in another)

symbiotic

_____ interactions can include paratism, mutualism, commneslaism

Symbiotic

Which of the following types of interspecific interactions benefit BOTH species involved ***iclicker***

Mutualism

Population whose fitness is influenced by another population evolve adaptations to improve their ability to interact with the other ______and evolutionary ______

Coevolution and arms races

Which type of inerspecific interaction is LEAST likely to result in coevoltuon ***iclicker***

Commensalism (both speaisces arnet affected)

Humans are part of the earth’s ___ webs and ecosystems

food

______ (human-made arifticats) will eventually transform into geological layers

Technofossils

Increaisng effect on ecosystems (orgnaisms and their physical enviorment) EX:

Technofossils (human-made arifticats) will eventually transform into geological layers Climate warming and reduced sea ice Rising levels of greenhouse gas (eg CO2) Ocea acidifctiaon Rising sea levels

______: A new geological period, dating from around 500 to 70 years ago, due to human atcivties fundamentally changing Earth’s climate and ecosystems

Anthropoecne

Rate of extinction is very ___ now

fast

Is Anthropocene inevtiable?

NOT inevitable (mabe now that w eknow, we can prevent it)

In the Anthropocene, humans are the main drivers of environmental change. How can we better regulate our effects on Earth’s systems and biodiversity?

To maintain or improve human quality of life without further cost to the environment, need cooperative, interdisciplinary research and initiatives. Ecology, medicine, engineering, ethics, law, physiology, math, sociology, politics…

Which of the following correctly describes the Anthropocene? ***iclicker*** A. It is proof that a sixth mass extinction event is inevitable. B. It is defined as having started in the year 2000. C. It will be definitely be known as a geological period of predominantly negative human impacts on Earth's systems. D. It will be identifiable in rock layers of the future by the abundance of technofossils.

Cycle 11 Flashcards

(77 cards)