Cycle 9

Question 1

_______ - the study of evolutionary relationships between different taxa

Answer 1

Phylogeny

Question 2

All the species alive OR dead are represented on the endpoints?

Answer 2

ALIVE

Question 2

A ___ could be a species, or larger/smaller, just a group of living things

Answer 2

taxon

Question 3

We can use ______ to figure out what individuals are more closely related

Answer 3

phylogeny

Question 4

Time flows from __ to ___

Answer 4

root to tips

Question 4

Branching points
Lineage diverged into humans and birds
Represent _____

Answer 4

speciation

Question 5

MRCA on the ___

Answer 5

Nodes

Question 6

Can represent the ___ information just in tree format

Answer 6

same

Question 7

Important thing: _____ of branching events

Answer 7

sequence

Question 8

_____ names should reflect evolutionary relationships (all members of a named group need to be closer related to other group members than to anything outside the group)

Answer 8

Group

Question 8

Using phylogenies in classification
Important in _____

Answer 8

taxonomy

Question 8

___ groups: two taxa most closely related

Answer 8

Sister

Question 9

Cladisitic method of classification: only _______ groups (clades) get names

Answer 9

monophyletic

Question 10

Anything that includes all the descents of that group’s MRCA:

Answer 10

monophyletic

Question 11

Many traditionally-recognized groups are not ______
Ex: prokaryotes, dicots, fish, reptiles, monkeys, protista, monera etc

Answer 11

monophyletic

Question 11

T/F Similarities don’t always correspond to relatedness

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

T/F all traits provide useful information about evolutionary relationships

Answer 12

F: Not all traits provide useful information about evolutionary relationships

Question 13

_______ (not a useful trait in reconstructing evolutionary relationships)
Unique to a single taxon
Derived (not present in MRCA of the entire group)

Answer 13

Autapomorphy

Question 14

_______ (not a useful trait)
Shared by two or more taxa
Ancestral (already present in the MRCA of the entire group)

Answer 14

Symplesiomorphy

Question 14

______ (the only type of similarity to be paying attention to)
Shared, derived (present in MRCA of taxa with the trait, but not in MRCA of the entire group)

Answer 14

Synapormophy

Question 15

Cladistics: only use ______ (shared, derived) when making phylogenies

Answer 15

synapomorphies

Question 15

What about derived vs ancestral? How can we know what the group’s MRCA was like?

Answer 15

Find an outgroup… close-ish relative known to have branched off earlier than any of the groups of interest

Question 15

Shared vs unique is hard or easy?

Answer 15

easy

Question 15

The outgroup is ___ a member of the ingroup

Answer 15

not

Question 15

The _____ would still have to be Fairly closely related to ingroup

Answer 15

outgroup

Question 15

_____ comparison helps identify the ancestral state

Answer 15

Outgroup

Question 16

Is it 100% accurate?

Answer 16

Not 100%, but probably

Question 16

Is this trait probably ancestral or probably derived? Present in outgroup and ALL in group = _______

Answer 16

ANCESTRAL

Question 16

Present in outgroup and SOME ingroup = ______

Answer 16

ANCESTRAL (One evolutionary loss)

Question 17

Absent in outgroup, present in SOME of ingroup = _____

Answer 17

DERIVED

Question 17

Present in the outgroup, but NONE of the ingroup =

Answer 17

NOT SURE (two equally likely explanations)

Question 17

Absent in outgroup, present in ALL of ingroup =

Answer 17

NOT SURE

Question 18

Outgroup comparison relies on _____: the simplest explanation is best

Answer 18

parsimony

Question 19

The tree requiring a ___ steps of evolutionary changes is probably correct

Answer 19

few

Question 19

_____: similarity that reflects common ancestry

Answer 19

Homology

Question 19

______: Similar traits developed because the environment is not common ancestry

Answer 19

Convergent evolution

Question 20

EX of _______: wings, auditory vocal learninMolecular methods (DNA sequence) - MUTATIONS g, fingerprints, camera eye, etc

Answer 20

Convergent evolution

Question 21

_______: misleading similarity or dissimilarity

Answer 21

Homoplasy

Question 21

Similar traits despite not being closely related

Answer 21

Homoplasy

Question 22

Convergent evolution EX:

Answer 22

hippos and alligator

Question 22

________: Species may be closely related to each other, but just because they have different lifestyles/environments they developed unique traits

Answer 22

Divergent evolution

Question 22

______ support the correct phylogeny; homoplasy's are misleading

Answer 22

Homologies