Cycle 8 (Workshop)

Question 1

What is the ecological concept of definition of species?

Answer 1

Populations that are adapted to specific niches in the environment

Question 2

What is the morphological concept of definition of species?

Answer 2

Individuals of species share measurable traits that distinguish them from other species

Question 3

What is the biological concept of definition of species?

Answer 3

Interbreeding populations that don’t reproduce with other species, all individuals in a species can successfully mate and produce viable, fertile offspring

Question 4

Define:
Genetic cohesiveness

Answer 4

Populations of same species experience gene flow that mixes their genetic material

Question 5

Define:
Genetic distinctiveness

Answer 5

Different species can’t exchange genetic info

Question 6

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the ecological definition of species?

Answer 6

Explains role of environment in speciation

Unable to explain existence of same species in different environments

Question 7

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the morphological definition of species?

Answer 7

Easy to classify physical traits to recognize species

Does not reveal much about evolutionary history
Cannot distinguish different species with similar physical characteristics

Question 8

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the phylogenetic definition of species?

Answer 8

Applies to all groups of organisms (asexual, extinct)

Does not describe gene flow

Question 9

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the biological definition of species?

Answer 9

Testable and describes gene flow of species

Does not apply to asexual and extinct organisms

Question 10

Define:
Clinal Variation

Answer 10

Gradient of traits in a geographic range

Question 11

Varying environment conditions favor _________ traits, thus _________ occurs within a species

Answer 11

Different
Evolution

Question 12

Define:
Ring species

Answer 12

When a population migrates around geographic barrier

Question 13

True or False:
The two adjacent populations of a ring population cannot interbreed

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Are ring species considered the same species? Why

Answer 14

Ring species are considered same species due to shared alleles and gene pool through intermediates

Question 15

List some prezygotic isolating mechanisms

Answer 15

Temporal isolation
Ecological isolation
Mechanical isolation
Behavioral isolation
Gamete mortality (gametic isolation)

Question 16

Describe temporal isolation

Answer 16

Mating at different times

Question 17

Describe ecological isolation

Answer 17

Different habitats

Question 18

Describe mechanical isolation

Answer 18

Different reproductive structures

Question 19

Describe behavioral isolation

Answer 19

Different mating signals (courtship displays)

Question 20

Describe gamete mortality

Answer 20

Incompatibility between sperm and egg

Question 21

List some postzygotic isolating mechnisms

Answer 21

Hybrid inviability
Hybrid sterility
Hybrid breakdown

Question 22

Describe hybrid inviability

Answer 22

Conflicting genes prevents development, fertilization occurs but hybrid is frail or has early death

Question 23

Describe hybrid sterility

Answer 23

Survives but unable to produce functional gametes

Question 24

Describe hybrid breakdown

Answer 24

Hybrid develops and can mate with other with other hybrids and parent species
Second generation will have higher fatality, lower fertility
Long-term reproductive isolation rather than immediate

Question 25

Determine the type of isolating mechanisms: Temporal isolation

Answer 25

Prezygotic isolating mechanism

Question 26

Determine the type of isolating mechanisms: Ecological isolation

Answer 26

Prezygotic isolating mechanism

Question 27

Determine the type of isolating mechanisms: Mechanical isolation

Answer 27

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

Question 28

Determine the type of isolating mechanisms: Behavioral isolation

Answer 28

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

Question 29

Determine the type of isolating mechanisms: Gamete isolation

Answer 29

Prezygotic isolating mechanism

Question 30

Determine the type of isolating mechanisms: Hybrid inviability

Answer 30

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Question 31

Determine the type of isolating mechanisms: Hybrid sterility

Answer 31

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Question 32

Determine the type of isolating mechanisms: Hybrid Breakdown

Answer 32

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Question 33

Define: Allopatric speciation

Answer 33

Two populations that are geographically separated, potentially causing evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms

Question 34

Define: Sympatric Speciation

Answer 34

Reproductive isolation that evolves between subgroups that arise with one population

Question 35

Define: Secondary Contact

Answer 35

Two previously isolated populations reunite

Question 36

True or False: Secondary contact is required for speciation to occur

Answer 36

False

Question 37

What are the potential outcomes of secondary contact?

Answer 37

Reinforcement Fusion

Question 38

Describe reinforcement

Answer 38

Increases the rate speciation If reproductive isolation occurs, there is speciation When the two species are back in contact, they can't interbreed

Question 39

Describe fusion

Answer 39

Slows down the rate of speciation Populations successfully interbreed, they can "fuse" back together Gene flow can continue (remains one species)

Question 40

Define: Autopolyploid Mechanism

Answer 40

Chromosomes fail to separate in cell division = no reduction of number of chromosomes = gamete is a different ploidy than parent

Question 41

True or False: An offspring species occurring from autopolyploidy mechanism can interbreed with original parent species

Answer 41

False

Question 42

True or false: Shared similarities means shared ancestry

Answer 42

Not always. Shared similarities might now always reflect shared ancestry, it could be convergent evolution

Question 43

What is MRCA?

Answer 43

Most Recent Common Ancestor The organism from which a set of other organisms are descended

Question 44

What is LUCA?

Answer 44

Last Universal Common Ancestor The most recent common ancestor of all living organisms

Question 45

Is LUCA the first thing to have ever lived?

Answer 45

No