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My Packs: UWO (BIO 1001) > Cycle 6 (Workshop + Study Session) > Flashcards

Cycle 6 (Workshop + Study Session) Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Define:
Allele

A

Slight variation of the same gene (gives different genotype/phenotype)

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2
Q

Define:
Locus

A

Location of gene on a chromosome

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3
Q

Define:
Gene pool

A

Collection of all possible alleles for a particular gene

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4
Q

What the are the key points of Mendelian Inheritance?

A

Use Punnett squares
Predicts offspring genotype/phenotype

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5
Q

What assumptions are made in Mendelian Inheritance?

A

Population “in equilibrium”
Random crosses
No selection for/against anything

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6
Q

True or False:
Mendelian Inheritance is accurate in real populations

A

False, Mendelian Inheritance is not applicable to all populations

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7
Q

Define:
Genotype frequency

A

How common is that genotype in the entire population

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8
Q

Define:
Allele frequency

A

How common is that allele in the entire population

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9
Q

Calculate:
In a population of 2000, if we have 400 P alleles, what frequency does the P allele occur?

A

0.2

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10
Q

What do we call the conditions where the population isn’t undergoing any changes, thus Mendel’s principles are able to be applied?

A

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

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11
Q

If the ________ frequencies that come out of your cross _______ the ________ frequencies you calculated with the original data, that population is in ___

A

Genotype
Matches
Genotype
HWE

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12
Q

What will disrupt HWE?

A

Selection
Mutation
Migration
Genetic Drift
Non-random mating

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13
Q

How does selection disrupt HWE?

A

Perhaps for or against a phenotype

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14
Q

How does mutation affect HWE?

A

New alleles are made

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15
Q

How does migration affect HWE?

A

New alleles may enter the population, old ones may leave, or something similar

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16
Q

How does genetic drift affect HWE?

A

A sudden, massive change to the allele frequencies

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17
Q

How does non-random mating affect HWE?

A

For example, inbreeding causes certain members of a population preferentially mate instead of completely randomly

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18
Q

State the Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2

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19
Q

What does the p^2 stand for? 2pq? q^2

A

Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype
Frequency of heterozygous genotype
Frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

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20
Q

True or False:
p + q must equal 1 in Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

True

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21
Q

Define:
Absolute fitness (W)

A

Number of surviving offspring (that reproduces) for each genotype

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22
Q

True or False:
Absolute fitness is not a measurable quantity

A

False, absolute fitness is a measurable quantity

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23
Q

Define:
Relative fitness

A

Absolute fitness divided by absolute fitness of the most fit genotype

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24
Q

Give an example of an absolute fitness

A

Number of eggs

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25
The most fit genotype has w = _
1
26
All other genotypes besides the most fit genotype has w < _ (_ / _____)
1 W / Wmax
27
Determine type of selection by comparing relative fitness: w(YY) < w(Yy) > w(yy)
Heterozygote advantage
28
Determine type of selection by comparing relative fitness: w(YY) = w(yy) > w(Yy)
Heterozygote disadvantage
29
Determine type of selection by comparing relative fitness: w(YY) = w(Yy) > w(yy)
Dominant advantage
30
Determine type of selection by comparing relative fitness: w(YY) = w(Yy) < w(yy)
Recessive advantage
31
Determine type of selection by comparing relative fitness: w(YY) = w(Yy) = w(yy)
No selection
32
Does the dominance status of an allele that is not related to fitness affect its frequency over time?
No it does not
33
Define: Dominance status
Dominant or recessive favoured
34
Determine relative fitness of selection against dominant allele and its effects
w(AA) = w(Aa) < w(aa) Overtime, dominant allele will be removed from the population No presence of homozygous/heterozygous dominant phenotype, only homozygous recessive phenotype
35
Determine relative fitness of selection against a recessive allele and its effects
w(AA) = w(Aa) > w(aa) Overtime, frequency of recessive allele decreases but never disappears completely Frequency of recessive phenotype will occur occasionally, but will be removed quickly due to selection
36
Determine relative fitness of heterozygote advantage and its effects
w(AA) < w(Aa) > w(aa) Allele frequencies will stabilizes near 0.5 Once stabilized, selection is still occurring but evolution is not Genetic variation maintained (balancing selection)
37
In Heterozygote advantage, allele frequencies will stabilize near ___. Once frequencies stabilize, _________ is occurring, but _________ is not
0.5 Selection Evolution
38
True or False: In heterozygote advantage, genetic variation is not maintained
False, in heterozygote advantage, genetic variation is maintained
39
What is maintained genetic variation called?
Balancing selection
40
Determine relative fitness of heterozygote disadvantage and its effects
w(AA) = w(aa) > w(Aa) More common allele frequency increases to 1, less common allele vanishes Rare allele disappears not because it's harmful, but they are most likely to be found in heterozygotes Genetic variation decreases
41
In heterozygote disadvantage, the more common allele frequency __________ to _, less common allele _________
Increases 1 Decreases
42
In heterozygote disadvantage, rare allele disappears. Why?
They are most likely to be found in heterozygotes
43
Genetic variation decreases in:
Heterozygote disadvantage
44
True or False: Most phenotype are quantitative phenotypes
True
45
What are quantitative phenotypes?
Quantitative means expressed with a distribution in population
46
What are qualitative phenotypes?
Can be described a category
47
What are types of quantitative selection?
Directional selection Stabilizing selection Disruptive selection Balancing selection
48
True or False: Selection doesn't always mean evolution
True
49
Evolution is occurring, if _______ ___________ are changing
Allele frequencies
50
How can selection occur without changing the overall frequencies?
One example could be heterozygote advantage
51
What is assortative mating also known as?
Inbreeding
52
What is dissociative mating known as?
Inbreeding avoidance
53
Define: Inbreeding
Organisms that mate with similar phenotypes
54
What effect does assortative mating have?
Increases homozygosity (the amount of homozygotes, could result in inbreeding
55
True or False: Inbreeding changes allele frequencies
False, inbreeding changes genotype frequencies
56
Inbreeding causes ____ __ ______________, but allele frequencies are the ____
Loss of heterozygosity Same
57
True or False: Associative/inbreeding decreases variability
True
58
Dissociative/inbreeding avoidance increases ___________ or _____________
Variability Heterozygosity
59
List the consequences of assortative mating
Increase in homozygosity Increases probability of harmful recessive alleles to be expressed
60
List the consequences of disassortative mating
Increase in heterozygosity Can work with selection to select for advantageous phenotypes
61
What is the "increase probability of harmful recessive alleles to be expressed" also known as?
Inbreeding depression
62
Describe stabilizing selection
Culls extreme variations Narrows width of distribution
63
Describe: Directional selection
Favours one extreme Shifts distribution left/right
64
Describe: Disruptive selection
Favours both extremes Creates bimodal distribution
65
Define: Random sampling error
An error that occurs in small populations
66
In genetic drift, allele frequencies change due to ______
Chance
67
Give examples of genetic drift
Population bottlenecks Founder effect
68
True or False: In genetic drift, over many generations, one allele may completely disappear or completely take over
True
69
Define: Bottleneck
Catastrophic reduction in population, small number survive
70
Define: Founder effect
Only small number will move to a different environment, start new pop there

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