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Cytokines Flashcards

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1
Q

How long can cytokines stay in plasma?

A

Maximum 3 mins

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2
Q

Is cytokine toxic in high doses?

A

Yes
-> Cytokine storm
- -> Overproduction of IL - 6 ( Pro inflammatory )
- - -> Dies

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3
Q

What is the difference between lymphokines & monokines?

A

Lymphokines
-> secreted by lymphocytes

Monokines
-> secreted by monocytes / macrophages

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4
Q

Who secretes Interleukins ( IL )?

A

Leukocytes
-> WBC

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5
Q

What is the difference between autocrine, paracrine & endocrine?

A

Autocrine
-> Cell A releases substances that acts on itself

Paracrine
-> Cell A releases substances that acts nearby cells

Endocrine
-> Cell A releases substances that acts on distant cell
- -> through circulation

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6
Q

Explain the following features of cytokines
Pleiotropy

A

Pleiotropy
-> Single cytokine
- -> Works on different cells

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7
Q

Explain the following features of cytokines
Redundancy

A

Redundancy
-> Multiple cytokines
- -> Having very similar effects on cells

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8
Q

Explain the following features of cytokines
Synergy

A

Synergy
-> At least 2 cytokines
- -> Works better when present together

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9
Q

Explain the following features of cytokines
Antagonism

A

Antagonism
-> Cytokines
- -> Competing with other cytokines

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10
Q

Explain the following features of cytokines
Cascading

A

Cascading
-> Cytokines acting one after another

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11
Q

IL - 1

What is the 2 difference between IL - 1 beta & IL - 1 alpha

A

IL - 1 beta
-> Produced more
-> Secretory

IL - 1 alpha
-> Produced less
-> Membrane bound

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12
Q

IL - 1

Does IL -1 pro Th2?

A

Yes

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13
Q

IL - 1

What are the functions of IL - 1 on macrophage?

A

Induce IL - 6 production

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14
Q

IL - 1

What are the functions of IL - 1 on Th2?

A

Activation
Proliferation

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15
Q

IL - 1

What are the functions of IL - 1 on endothelial cell?

A

Increased cell adhesion molecule expression

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16
Q

IL - 1

What are the functions of IL - 1 on hepatocytes?

A

Synthesis of acute phase protein

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17
Q

IL - 1

What are the functions of IL - 1 on hypothalamus?

A

Induction of Fever

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18
Q

IL - 4

Does IL - 4 pro Th2?

A

Yes

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19
Q

IL - 4

What are the functions of IL - 4 on Th2?

A

Activation
Differentiation

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20
Q

IL - 4

What are the functions of IL - 4 on B cell?

A

G0 -> G1 phase
MHC - 2 up regulation
Class switch
-> IgG1
-> IgE

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21
Q

IL - 4

What are the functions of IL - 4 on IFN - gamma & IL - 2?

A

Antagonization

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22
Q

IL - 4

What are the functions of IL - 4 on Th17 activation?

A

Suppression

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23
Q

IL - 13

What is the function of IL - 13?

A

Redundancy
-> IL - 4
- -> Weaker than IL - 4 though

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24
Q

IL - 5

Which cells secrete IL - 5

A

Th2
Mast cell
Eosinophil

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25
IL - 5 What are the functions of IL - 5 on B cell?
G1 => S phase Class switching -> IgA
26
IL - 5 What are the functions of IL - 5 on eosinophil?
Growth Differentiation -> Progenital cell => eosinophil - -> Requires presence of IL - 5
27
IL - 6 What are the functions of IL - 6 on Th2?
Activation Differentiation
28
IL - 6 What are the functions of IL - 6 on B cell?
S phase => plasma cell
29
IL - 2 What are the functions of IL - 2 on Th1, B cell, Macrophage, NK cells?
Activation IL - 2 activates many things :D
30
IL - 2 What are the functions of IL - 2 with IL - 12?
Synergy IL - 2 + IL + 12 -> Induce T cell => CTL ( Cytotoxic T lymphocyte )
31
Is T reg Th1, Th2, Th3 or Th17?
Th3
32
IL - 15 What are the functions of IL - 15 on memory CD8+ cell?
Survival
33
IL - 15 What are the functions of IL - 15 on IL -2?
Redundancy
34
IL - 12 What are the functions of IL - 12 on Th1?
Activation Differentiation
35
IL - 12 What are the functions of IL - 12 on IL - 2?
Synergy IL - 2 + IL - 12 -> Induce T cell => CTL
36
IL - 18 What are the functions of IL - 18 on IL - 12?
Redundancy
37
IL - 23 What are the functions of IL - 23 on IL - 12?
Sort of redundancy (? -> Work on Th17 - -> Instead of Th1
38
IL - 23 What are the functions of IL - 23 on Th17?
Activation Survive
39
IL - 21 What are the functions of IL - 21 on activated NK & CD8+ cells?
Enhance -> cytotoxic activity -> IFN - gamma production
40
IL - 21 What are the functions of IL - 21 on germinal centers?
Activation -> B cell -> follicular helper T cell
41
IL - 17 Which cells secrete IL - 17?
CD4+ Th17 cells
42
IL - 17 What is the function of IL - 17?
Neutrophil - mediated inflammation
43
What is the difference between IL - 12 & IL - 23? -> Though closely related
IL - 12 -> Activation of Th1 - -> Secretion of IFN - gamma - - -> Activation of Macrophage IL - 23 -> Activation of Th17 - -> Secretion of IL -17 - - -> Neutrophil - mediated inflammation
44
What is the function of IL - 23 & IL - 21 on ROR gamma T ( Th17 phenotype )?
IL - 23 -> Stabilize ROR gamma t IL - 21 -> Activation of ROR gamma t
45
What is the function of IL - 3?
Myeloid progenitor ( Hematopoietic cells ) -> Growth -> Differentiation
46
What is the relationship between SCF & C-kit?
SCF ( Stem cell factor ) -> C - kit ligand C - kit -> SCF receptor
47
What is the function of IL - 7?
Lymphoid progenitor -> Differentiation
48
What is the function of IL - 11?
Magakaryocyte -> Differentiate of platelets
49
What is the function of IL - 8?
Chemotaxis -> Neutrophil
50
Which Ths secrete IL - 10? What is the function?
Th2 -> inhibits Th1 Th3 -> inhibits Th1 & Th2
51
What causes Crohn’s disease ( Inflammatory bowel disease )? How to treat it?
Lack of IL - 10 -> Th 1 increases - -> Constant inflammatory Treatment -> Ingestion of parasites egg - -> IL - 5 increases => Eosinophil activation - - -> Th2 increase = Th1 decrease
52
What is the function of IL -16?
Chemotaxis -> Th -> Monocyte -> Eosinophil
53
Which IFN ( Interferons ) are in Type 1 & Type 2?
Type 1 Interferons -> IFN - alpha -> IFN - beta Type 2 Interferons -> IFN - gamma
54
Does IFN - gamma promotes Th1 / Th2?
Th1
55
Is TGF - beta ( Transforming growth factor - beta ) an activators / inhibitory cytokines?
Inhibitory
56
Which cell secretes TGF - beta?
Th3
57
Does TNF - alpha ( Tumor necrosis factor - alpha ) increase or decrease blood pressure?
Decrease blood pressure
58
Is TNF - beta similar or opposite of TNF - alpha?
Similar -> Even shares the same receptor
59
What does TNF - alpha cause other than reduced blood pressure?
Inflammation Toxic effects -> Cachexia - -> Muscle atrophy - -> Significant loss of body weight
60
What are the 5 receptor family?
Ig superfamily receptor Class 1 cytokine receptor Class 2 cytokine ( IFN ) receptor TNF receptor Chemokine receptors
61
What is the 5 steps of signal transduction of cytokines?
Cytokines => receptors -> Activation of JAK ( Janus kinase ) - -> Phosphorylation of STAT - - -> Dimerization of STAT - - - -> Activation of DNA by STAT
62
What are 3 cytokine regulations?
Changes in receptor expression Specific binding proteins -> IL - 1RA ( IL - 1 receptor antagonist ) -> Soluble TNF - alpha R - -> Floating receptor lol Cytokines exerting opposite effects -> Th1 up = Th2 down
63
What is the costimulation for Th1 & Th2 factor?
Th1 -> CD80 Th2 -> CD86
64
Which ILs are mainly responsible for differentiation for Th1 & Th2?
Th1 -> IL - 12 Th2 -> IL - 1 -> IL - 4 -> IL - 6
65
Does Th1 / Th2 promote cellular - mediated immunity / humoral immunity?
66
Does Th1 / Th2 generate immunity to intracellular / extracellular organisms?
Th1 -> Intracellular Th2 -> Extracellular

Immunology (8 decks)

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