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Innate immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Does innate immunity require prior exposure to Ag?

A

Nope

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2
Q

What are 4 types of innate immunity?

A

Physiological barriers
-> Temperature, low pH

Physical barriers
-> Skin, mucous membrane

Cellular factors
-> Macrophages, neutrophils

Humoral factors
-> Complements, acute phase proteins

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3
Q

What are the 2 factors released when there is tissue damage?

A

Vasoactive factor
Chemotactic factors

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4
Q

What does vasoactive factor do?

A

Increase capillaries membrane permeability
Increase blood flow to affected area

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5
Q

What does chemotactic factor do?

A

Attracts cells ( e.g. neutrophils & monocytes ) to area where it is released ( e.g. Area of tissue damage )

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6
Q

What are 4 types of intracellular killing?

A

Phagocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Autophagy

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7
Q

What is NETs / NETosis? (Neutrophil extracellular traps)

A

Neutrophil throws its own DNA out
-> Lysosome attached to DNA neutralizes target pathogen
- -> Might affect nearby friendly cells

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8
Q

Does dog / cat has a lot of kupffer cell / lung macrophage?

A

Dog
-> Kupffer cell ( Liver )

Cat
-> Lung macrophage

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9
Q

What are 3 types of oxygen independent killing?

A

Lytic enzymes
Antimicrobial peptides
-> Defensins
TNF

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10
Q

What are 2 types of oxygen dependent killing

A

ROS
-> O2-
RNS
-> NO

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11
Q

Which of the following is essential for producing ROS for antimicrobial usage?

ATP
NADH
NADPH
GTP

A

NADPH

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12
Q

Where can NADPH be found for aiding in the production of ROS?

A

Membrane

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13
Q

Which of the following are essential for RNS production?

NOS2
iNOS
iPhone
NOSE

A

NOS2
iNOS

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14
Q

Where is iNOS found?

A

cytosol

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15
Q

Which of the following a.a. is essential for RNS production?

Alanine
Arginine
Lysine
Tyrosine

A

Arginine

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16
Q

What is the difference between M1 and M2 macrophage?

A

M1
-> early inflammatory
-> produces RNS
-> MHC - 2 expression

M2
-> late inflammatory
-> tissue repair
-> increased MHC - 2 expression

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17
Q

Which lymphocyte peforms innate defensive mechanism?

A

NK cell

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18
Q

Which are the 2 signature cell that does intracellular killing / extracellular killing?

A

Intracellular killing
-> Macrophage
-> Neutrophil

Extracellular killing
-> NK cell
-> Eosinophil

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19
Q

What are the 3 humoral factors?

A

Complement
Acute phase protein
Interferon

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20
Q

What are the 3 functions of complements?

A

Cell lysis
Opsonization
Chemotaxis
-> Neutrophil
-> Eosinophil

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21
Q

What is the definition of acute phase protein?

A

Protein synthesized in liver
-> response to inflammatory

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22
Q

What are 2 acute phase protein that can activate complements?

A

CRP
-> C - reactive protein

MBL
-> Mannose - binding lectin

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23
Q

What are 3 types of interferon ( IFN )?

A

IFN - alpha
IFN - beta
IFN - gamma

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24
Q

What cells releases IFN - gamma?

A

NK cell
Th1
Tc

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25
What are 4 categories of molecules that connects innate and adaptive immunity?
PRRs -> Pattern recognition receptors PAMPS -> Pathogen - associated molecular patterns DAMPS -> Damage - associated molecular patterns Inflammation
26
What are 2 sub categories in PRR?
Soluble proteins Membrane proteins
27
What are the 4 soluble proteins in PRR?
Complements Humoral factors -> CRP -> MBL -> LBP - -> LPS - binding protein
28
Who are the 3 inflammatory brothers?
TNF - alpha IL - 1 beta IL - 6
29
What is the definition of PAMPs?
molecules produced by microbial invaders
30
What is the definition of DAMPs?
molecules -> released from damaged , dead or dying cells & tissue -> produced by sentinel cells - -> macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells
31
What does DAMPs do?
Recruit & activates cells of innate immune system Promote adaptive immune responses
32
What determines if neutrophil survives?
Expression of CD31 by neutrophil
33
What happens if neutrophil doesn’t express CD31?
Phagocytosis of neutrophil -> By macrophage
34
Which organ synthesizes complements & acute phase protein?
Liver
35
What are the name of the 3 pathways that activates complements?
Classical Lectin Alternative
36
What is the 2 main components in classical pathway? ( complement activation )
Ag - Ab C1
37
Which 2 antibodies can activate complements? Which one is better at activating complements?
IgM > IgG
38
What is the main component in lectin pathway?
MBL
39
What is the main component in alternative pathway?
C3, Factor B & Factor D
40
Which complement is part of the membrane - attack complex?
C5b C6 C7 C8 C9 ( A LOT )
41
What is the first complement involved in classical pathway?
C1 -> C1qr2s2
42
Classical What activates C1 (C1qr2s2) in classical pathway?
Immune complex -> Ag - Ab
43
Classical What does activated C1 do?
Cleave C4 => C4a + C4b -> C4a - -> small - -> floats in circulation -> C4b - -> big - -> stays on pathogen’s membrane
44
Classical What does activated C1 after C4b is detected?
Cleave C2 => C2a + C2b
45
Classical What does C4b & C2b form?
C4b2b -> C3 convertase
46
Classical What does C4b2b ( C3 convertase ) do?
Cleave C3 => C3a + C3b
47
Classical What does C4b2b & C3b form?
C4b2b3b -> C5 convertase
48
Classical What does C4b2b3b ( C5 convertase ) do?
Cleave C5 => C5a + C5b
49
Lectin What activates MBL?
MBL ( mannose - binding lectin ) -> contact w/ surface mannose of pathogen
50
Lectin What does MBL bind to when activated?
MASP ( MBL - associated seine protease ) -> similar function to activated C1
51
Lectin What does MASP do after binding to MBL?
Cleave C4 => C4a + C4b
52
Lectin What does MASP do after detecting presence of C4b?
Cleave 2C -> The rest is the same as classical pathway
53
Alternate What is the first molecule activated in alternate pathway?
C3
54
Alternate How is 3C activated?
Attachment to pathogen?
55
Alternate What happens when C3 attaches to pathogen wall and get activated?
Hydrolyses itself -> cleave C3 => C3a + C3b
56
Alternate What happens after C3b is present?
Cleave Factor B => Ba + Bb -> Factor D helps cutcut
57
Alternate What does C3b + Bb form?
C3bBb -> C3 convertase
58
Alternate What does C3bBb ( C3 convertase ) do?
Cleave C3 => C3a + C3b
59
Alternate What does C3bBb + C3b form?
C3bBb3b ( C5 convertase )
60
Alternate What does C3bBb3b ( C5 convertase ) do?
Cleave C5 => C5a + C5b
61
What happens after C5b is produce by the 3 pathways?
C5b binds C6 -> C5b6 binds C7 - -> C5b67 binds C8 - - -> C5b678
62
What happens after C5b678 is formed?
C9 polymerization -> Poly C9 surrounds C5b678 - -> Complete membrane attack complex is formed
63
What are the 3 timing for regulating the complement system?
Before assembly of C3 convertase After assembly of C3 convertase Assembly of membrane - attack complex (MAC)
64
What are the 6 regulatory factors before assembly of convertase activity?
C1 inhibitor C4bBP ( C4b - binding protein ) Factor I CR1 ( Complement receptor 1 ) MCP ( Membrane cofactor protein ) Factor H
65
What is the function of C1 inhibitor in classical pathway?
C1 inhibitor binds to C1r2s2 -> causes dissociation from C1q
66
What is the function of C4bBP in classical pathway?
Blocks the binding of C4b + C2b => C4b2b
67
Which 2 regulatory factors other than C4bBP that can block binding of C4b & C2b in classical pathway?
CR1 MCP
68
What is the function of Factor I in classical pathway?
Cleave C4b
69
What is the function of Factor H in alternative pathway?
Prevents binding of C3b + Bb => C3bBb
70
Which 2 regulatory factors other than Factor H that can block binding of C3b & Bb in alternative pathway?
CR1 MCP
71
What is the function of Factor I in alternative pathway?
Cleave C3b
72
Why is C4b cleavage by Factor I needed?
Inhibition of C4b are not forever -> cleaving C4b => C4c + C4d - -> prevents future accidental activation
73
What are the 4 regulatory factors after assembly of convertase activity?
C4bBP CR1 Factor H *DAF* ( Decay - accelerating factor )
74
What is the function of C4bBP, CR1, Factor H & DAF after assembly of C3 convertase?
Dissociates C3 convertase -> Cleavage of C3b & C4b by Factor I
75
What are the 3 regulatory factors at assembly of MAC?
S protein HRF ( Homologous restriction factor ) MIRL ( Membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis ) -> also named CD59
76
What is the function of S protein?
Prevents insertion of C5b67 into membrane
77
What is the function of HRF & MIRL?
Prevent assembly of poly C9 to C5b678
78
What are the 4 complements biological functions?
Lysis Opsonization Activation of inflammatory response Clearance of immune complexes
79
What is lysis of complements biological function?
MAC ( membrane - attack complex ) -> C5b678 + Poly C9
80
What is opsonization of complements biological function?
C3b binding on cell -> phagocytic recognizes C3b - -> phagocytosis
81
What is activation of inflammatory response of complements biological function?
Anaphylatoxins -> C3a, C4a & C5a - -> Bind to Mast cells receptor ( just like Ag -IgE ) - - -> Induce degranulation - - - -> Releases Histamine Chemotactic factors -> C3a, C5a & C5b67 - -> Induce leukocytes - - -> Adherence to endothelium - - - -> Extravasation through endothelium - - - - -> Migration to site of C' activation
82
What is clearance of immune complexes of complements biological function?
Binds to immune complexes ( Ag - Ab ) -> Phagocytosis by phagocytes -> Binds to CR1 on RBC - -> Brought to spleen & liver - - -> Phagocytosis by phagocytes
83
What happens if clearance of immune complexes fails?
Deposition of immune complexes in tissues -> Chronic infection - -> Kidney => Glomerulonephritis - -> Blood vessel => Arteritis / Vasculitis - -> Joint => Arthritis
84
What are the 2 complement receptors?
CR1 CR2
85
Which of the 3 B cell coreceptor is actually CR2? CD81 CD21 CD19
CD21
86
What are 3 categories complement deficiencies?
Congenital deficiency Decreased production Increased consumption
87
What are the 2 congenital deficiency of complement?
Canine C3 deficiency Porcine Factor H deficiency
88
What causes decreased production of complement?
Hepatic disease & malfunction
89
What causes increased consumption of complement?
Immune complexes CVF ( Cobra venom factor ) -> C3b - like - -> Lies to Bb Bangs Bb => forms CVFBb (irreversible)

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