Cytokines

Question 1

Proteins secreted by immune cells that regulate immune responses such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and maturation; produced by immune cells; regulate nearby cell activity including immune responses

Low-molecular-weight protein that stimulate leukocyte movement

Answer 1

Cytokines

Question 2

Cytokines that regulate the interactions between lymphocytes and other leukocytes

Answer 2

Interleukins (IL)

Question 3

Cytokines produced by T cells

Answer 3

Lymphokines

Question 4

Cytokines produced by monocytes

Answer 4

Monokines

Question 5

Family of cytokines that play an important role in leukocyte circulation and migration, especially in inflammation; act primarily as chemotactic factors and leukocyte activators

Answer 5

Chemokines

Question 6

Ability of 1 cytokine to act on multiple cell types

Answer 6

Pleiotropy

Question 7

Multiple cytokines induce similar responses (e.g. fever)

Answer 7

Redundancy

Question 8

2 cytokines working together for stronger effect, e.g. IL-4 + IL-5 stimulate IgE synthesis

Answer 8

Cytokine synergy

Question 9

1 cytokine inhibits another

Answer 9

Antagonism

Question 10

Example of Antagonism

Answer 10

IL-4 and IFN-γ

Question 11

What are the main stimuli for cytokine production? Immunologic signals (4)

Answer 11

• antigens
• antibody-antigen complexes
• superantigens
• pathogen-associated molecules

Question 12

Cytokines acting on the same cell that secreted them; bind to its own receptors

Answer 12

Autocrine action

Question 13

Cytokines acting locally on nearby cells

Answer 13

Paracrine action

Question 14

Cytokines traveling to distant cells via blood; acting systemically like hormones

Answer 14

Endocrine action

Question 15

Critical role in inflammation; key role in fever

Answer 15

IL-1

Question 16

Th1-derived cytokine that activates T, B, and NK cells; stimulates proliferation of Th1 cells and cytotoxicity

Answer 16

IL-2

Question 17

Cytokine from Th1/Th2/NK cells that supports hematopoiesis; stimulates eosinophil, monocyte, neutrophil growth; activates macrophages

Answer 17

IL-3

Question 18

Major importance in the development of allergic reactions by inducing B cells to switch to IgE production

Answer 18

IL-4

Question 19

Cytokine produced by Th2, controls eosinophil production and B cell growth; eosinophil growth in humans; B cell growth in mice

Answer 19

IL-5

Question 20

Produced by muscle cells during exercise

Answer 20

IL-6

Question 21

Bone marrow and thymus-derived cytokine regulating lymphocyte development; controls lymphocyte antigen receptor production

Answer 21

IL-7

Question 22

Th2 cytokine promoting T cell and mast cell growth, allergy-related; involved in allergic disease development

Answer 22

IL-9

Question 23

An immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory cytokine that regulates inflammation as well as T cell, NK cells and macrophage function

Answer 23

IL-10

Question 24

Bone marrow cytokine that promotes B cell and megakaryocyte growth; acts with IL-6 and IL-3; involved in acute-phase protein production

Answer 24

IL-11

Question 25

Cytokine from monocytes/macrophages promoting Th1 activity; enhances IFN-γ production; suppresses IL-4; promotes cytotoxicity

Answer 25

IL-12

Question 26

Th2 and dendritic cell cytokine similar to IL-4; enhances IgE induction, macrophage fusion, giant cell formation

Answer 26

IL-13

Question 27

T cell and tumor B cell cytokine; inhibits immunoglobulin secretion; expands certain B cells

Answer 27

IL-14

Question 28

Macrophage-derived cytokine promoting memory T cell survival; maintains long-lived immune memory

Answer 28

IL-15

Question 29

CD8+ T cell cytokine acting via CD4 receptor; chemoattractant; regulates CD4+ T cell activation; involved in allergies

Answer 29

IL-16

Question 30

Family of pro-inflammatory cytokines recruiting neutrophils; activates chemokines, promotes T and myeloid cell proliferation

Answer 30

IL-17

Question 31

Antiviral cytokine produced by dendritic cells, lymphocytes, monocytes; activates NK cells, memory T cells, antibody production, dendritic cells

Answer 31

IFN-α

Question 32

Antiviral cytokine from fibroblasts; inhibits viral RNA and protein synthesis

Answer 32

IFN-β

Question 33

Th1 and NK cell cytokine with immune-enhancing effects; stimulates MHC class I and II, inhibits IL-4, boosts NK and T cell activity

Answer 33

IFN-γ

Question 34

Cytokine from macrophages and T cells involved in inflammation and immune regulation; promotes coagulation, adhesion, macrophage activation, and apoptosis

Answer 34

TNF-α

Question 35

What is the danger of excessive TNF-α production?

Answer 35

* Cytokine-induced shock * Septic shock due to high systemic levels

Question 36

Th1 and CD8+ derived cytokine involved in tumor cell killing; activates neutrophils, macrophages, endothelial cells, and B cells

Answer 36

TNF-β

Question 37

Cytokine from macrophages and fibroblasts promoting granulocyte growth; matures granulocyte precursors into neutrophils

Answer 37

G-CSF

Question 38

Monocyte-targeting growth factor; induces macrophage differentiation and enhances cytotoxicity.

Answer 38

M-CSF

Question 39

Cytokine regulating cell division and immune suppression; enhances ECM deposition; can be stimulatory or inhibitory

Answer 39

TGF-β

Question 40

Which cytokines are produced by macrophages and dendritic cells? (4)

Answer 40

IL-1 IL-6 IL-12 TNF-α

Question 41

Which cytokines are produced by Th1 cells? (3)

Answer 41

IL-2 IFN-γ TNF-β

Question 42

Which cytokines are produced by Th2 cells? (7)

Answer 42

IL-4 IL-5 IL-9 IL-10 IL-13 IL-16 IL-17

Question 43

Which 2 cytokines are antiviral?

Answer 43

IFN-α and IFN-β

Question 44

Which cytokines are growth factors? (8)

Answer 44

IL-3 IL-7 IL-11 IL-14 IL-15 G-CSF M-CSF TGF-β