Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Immunology > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the first immune response that recognizes and destroys infectious agents quickly without prior exposure?

A

Innate immunity: first line of defense is mainly acute inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the main innate mechanism for fighting infection or damage? Localized response recruiting neutrophils and macrophages to the site. Most important innate mechanism.

A

Acute inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

5 Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation

RH PSL

A
  1. Redness
  2. Heat
  3. Pain
  4. Swelling
  5. Loss of Function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What process involves activation and directed migration of immune cells to infection or damage sites? Neutrophils and macrophages are directed from blood to tissues.

A

Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the 1st step in the innate immune response?

A

Recognition of microorganisms or damage. Detected by sentinel cells with surface receptors for PAMPs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are molecules from pathogens that are recognized by innate immune receptors?

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

PAMPs (5)

PLGDM

A
  • peptidoglycans
  • LPS
  • glycolipids
  • DNA
  • mannans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are innate immune receptors that detect microbial molecules and activate immune genes? Located on sentinel cells; activate cytokines and acquired immunity.

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are molecules released by damaged cells that activate immune responses?

A

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

DAMPs are recognized by?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which TLR recognizes LPS from gram-negative bacteria? Activates sentinel cells via heparan sulfate fragments

A

TLR4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which TLR detects bacterial flagellin? Responds to motile bacteria.

A

TLR5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which TLR recognizes peptidoglycans and lipoarabinomannan from Mycobacterium? Detects gram-positive bacterial components.

A

TLR2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which TLR senses bacterial DNA inside cells? Intracellular receptor.

A

TLR9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which TLRs detect viral RNA?

A

TLR3 (dsRNA)
TLR7/8 (ssRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What receptor binds bacterial LPS along with MD-2 and CD14? Enables LPS recognition via TLR4

A

CD14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What receptors bind microbial carbohydrates? Present on sentinel cells. (2)

A

Mannan & Glucan receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What receptor binds bacterial lipoproteins? Another PAMP receptor.

A

CD36

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What receptor binds microbial glycolipids? Involved in antigen presentation.

A

CD1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What immune cells detect pathogens early, secrete cytokines, and initiate inflammation?

A

Sentinel cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sentinel cells (3)

A
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • mast cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What large phagocytic cells kill microbes, secrete cytokines, and initiate tissue repair? Long-lived; arise from monocytes.

A

Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are immature macrophages in the blood? Become macrophages in tissues.

A

Monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are tissue-specific macrophages in connective tissue, liver, brain, and lungs? Resident macrophages (4)

A
  • Histiocytes
  • Kupffer cells
  • Microglia
  • Alveolar macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Mature macrophages in connective tissues
Histiocytes
26
Mature macrophages lining the sinusoids of the liver
Kupffer cells
27
What cytokines are secreted by sentinel macrophages? (5)
IL-1 IL-6 IL-12 IL-18 TNF-α
28
What antigen-presenting cells activate naïve T cells? Uptake soluble and particulate antigens.
Dendritic cells
29
What granulated immune cells initiate inflammation and allergy responses? Contain histamine; activated by IgE and TLR2
Mast cells
30
What molecule released by mast cells binds to H1 receptors and causes vasodilation? Increases nitric oxide via L-arginine.
Histamine
31
Connective tissue and skin mast cells are rich in what? (2)
Histamine and Heparin
32
What mast cell enzymes activate endothelium and sensory nerves? Enhance vascular stickiness and leukocyte recruitment. (2)
Tryptases and Chymase
33
What molecules derived from arachidonic acid promote inflammation? Increase permeability, chemotaxis, and clotting. Inflammatory lipids. (2)
Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins
34
Enzyme from mast cells that activates endothelial cells; enhances vascular permeability and neutrophil recruitment
Tryptase
35
Products of arachidonic acid promoting chemotaxis and permeability; attract neutrophils and eosinophils
Leukotrienes
36
Lipid mediators with varied effects on inflammation and blood flow
Prostaglandins
37
Prostaglandins (2)
Thromboxanes and Prostacyclins
38
Promote histamine release from mast cells and cause blood vessel dilation and leakage
Anaphylatoxins
39
Polypeptides that mediate pain and vasodilation, e.g. Bradykinin
Kinins
40
What is the role of neutrophils in inflammation?
Adhere to endothelium, migrate into tissue, perform respiratory burst
41
Endothelial molecule that binds L-selectin on neutrophils; facilitates neutrophil rolling and adhesion
P-selectin
42
Rapid oxygen consumption by neutrophils to kill microbes; activates NADPH oxidase, producing H2O2 and OCl⁻
Respiratory burst
43
Enzyme converting hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorite (OCl-); key to neutrophil killing mechanism
Myeloperoxidase
44
Molecules that coat pathogens to enhance phagocytosis; include antibodies and complement
Opsonins
45
Stages of phagocytosis by neutrophils (5) ACAID
1.) Activation 2.) Chemotaxis 3.) Adherence 4.) Ingestion 5.) Destruction
46
What happens to neutrophils after phagocytosis?
They die and release signals for cleanup; attract macrophages with elastase, collagenase
47
Characteristics of natural antimicrobial molecules
* lacks any form of memory * non-specific
48
Natural antimicrobial molecules components (3)
1. Phagocytes (Neutrophils & Macrophages) 2. Complement proteins 3. Natural Killer cells
49
Functions of adaptive response (aquired immunity) are?
Specificity and Memory
50
Ability to recognize invaders, destroy them and learn from the process
Specificity
51
Ability to recognize and remember invaders
Memory
52
Cells of Humoral Immune Response
B cells
53
Cells of Cell-mediated Immune Response
T cells
54
Site on an antigen recognized by an antibody; antigenic determinant
Epitope
55
Molecule that is not immunogenic by itself but can react with specific antibody; can’t induce immune response
Hapten
56
Enzyme producing NO in activated macrophages; generates reactive nitrogen species for microbial killing
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
57
Proinflammatory macrophages; fight microbes and secrete inflammatory cytokines
M1 macrophages
58
Anti-inflammatory macrophages for wound healing; promote tissue repair and suppress immune responses
M2 macrophages
59
What receptors do macrophages have? (Surface molecules detecting pathogens or opsonins) 4 ACCT
* Antibody * Complement * CD40 * TLRs
60
How is inflammation resolved? (Process of transitioning from immune activation to healing)
Neutrophils undergo apoptosis; macrophages clean debris and promote repair
61
Which interleukin plays a role in healing wherein macrophage cytokine that recruits fibroblasts stimulates collagen secretion and tissue remodeling
IL-1
62
What prevents excessive tissue damage from neutrophil enzymes? Protective mechanisms during inflammation resolution; neutralize harmful factors (2)
SLP1 and TNF receptor fragments
63

Immunology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions