Cytokines

Question 1

Which has more sites of production, cytokines or hormones?

Answer 1

Cytokines

Question 2

Which has more targets (per molecule), cytokines or hormones?

Answer 2

hormones

Question 3

Which acts more locally, cytokines or hormones?

Answer 3

Cytokines

Question 4

Which has more redundancy and pleiotropy, cytokines or hormones?

Answer 4

Cytokines

Question 5

Which is more likely to be found in circulation, cytokines or hormones?

Answer 5

hormones

Question 6

What are 6 ways that cytokine action is restricted to local sites?

Answer 6

1. Producers close to responders
2. Small amounts secreted
3. Directional release
4. Destruction by endocytosis
5. Binding to extracellular matrix (restricts movement)
6. Deactivation in the bloodstream (soluble receptors, binding proteins, receptor antagonists)

Question 7

What are 2 examples of cytokines that can remain membrane bound?

Answer 7

IL-1 and TNFa

Question 8

What is intacrine signaling? What are 2 examples of cytokines that can perform intacrine signaling

Answer 8

Stimulating a response from within the cell that produces the cytokine prior to excretion; pro IL-1a, TGF-B, FGF

Question 9

What is the term for a cytokine having multiple biologic effects?

Answer 9

Pleiotropy

Question 10

What is the term for multiple cytokines sharing the same biological effect?

Answer 10

Redundancy

Question 11

TGF-B inhibits the proliferation of epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic cells, and stimulates the proliferation of _______.

Answer 11

Fibroblasts

Question 12

TGF-B represses inflammatory cytokine production in ______, and stimulates PDGF in ________.

Answer 12

Macrophages, Fibroblasts

Question 13

TGF-B in low levels can promote healing, but at high levels can cause __________.

Answer 13

Exuberant granulation and fibrosis

Question 14

What is the term for cytokines having a greater-than-additive effect on one another’s actions?

Answer 14

Synergy

Question 15

What is the term for cytokines inhibiting or cancelling out each others actions?

Answer 15

Antagonism

Question 16

What two cytokines work synergistically to promote IgE production?

Answer 16

IL-4 and IL-13

Question 17

What two cytokines work synergistically to promote macrophage killing of microbes?

Answer 17

TNFa and IFNy

Question 18

____ is a natural antagonist to IL-1; it binds its receptor but doesn’t activate it.

Answer 18

IL-1ra

Question 19

Name two cytokines that antagonize the production of TNFa in response to IL-1

Answer 19

TGF-B, IL-10

Question 20

Name a cytokine that antagonizes the induction of a Th2 response by IL-4

Answer 20

IFNy

Question 21

Name a cytokine that antagonizes the induction of a Th1 response by IFNy and IL-12

Answer 21

IL-4

Question 22

What is the term for when a primary cytokine stimulates the production of secondary cytokines, which stimulate production of tertiary cytokines, etc.?

Answer 22

Cytokine cascade

Question 23

True or False: All cells can produce cytokines

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Which cell type is capable of producing the greatest amount of cytokines? What is the second-most prolific cytokine producer?

Answer 24

Macrophages; Keratinocytes

Question 25

Type I cytokine receptors include common gamma chain, common beta chain, and gp130 receptors. Name some cytokines with common gamma chain receptors

Answer 25

IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, IL-21

Question 26

Type II cytokine receptors include _______ as well as some interleukins

Answer 26

Interferons

Question 27

Many chemokines have ______ coupled, or serpentine, receptors

Answer 27

G-protein

Question 28

Pro-inflammatory cytokines tend to support ______ immune function, which activates ______ immune response

Answer 28

innate; adaptive

Question 29

____ Cell cytokines support acquired immune response, including humoral and cell-mediated responses

Answer 29

T-Cell

Question 30

Name some pro-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 30

IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-12, | IL-17, TNFa

Question 31

Name some anti-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 31

TGF-B, IL-10 (sometimes IL-4 or IL-6)

Question 32

Name some inflammatory chemokines

Answer 32

CCL17 (TARC), CCL11 (EOTAXIN), CCL26 (EOTAXIN3, or MIP-4a), CCL5 (RANTES), CX3CL1 (FRACTALKINE), CXCL8 (IL-8)

Question 33

Name some primary cytokines

Answer 33

IL-1, TNFa, TNFB, IL-18

Question 34

Which group of cytokines communicates between lymphocytes and other leukocytes?

Answer 34

Interleukins

Question 35

Which group of cytokines stimulate cell growth and proliferation?

Answer 35

growth factors and colony stimulating factors

Question 36

Which cytokines act as chemotactic factors?

Answer 36

Chemokines

Question 37

Which cytokines are most important in viral immunity?

Answer 37

Interferons

Question 38

Which cytokines are often involved in the apoptosis pathways?

Answer 38

Tumor Necrosis Factors

Question 39

Which class of cytokines is produced by macrophages in the presence of PAMPs and DAMPs?

Answer 39

TNFs

Question 40

Between TNFa and IL-1, which can trigger apoptosis?

Answer 40

TNFa

Question 41

Between TNFa and IL-1, which can directly stimulate lymphocyte proliferation?

Answer 41

IL-1

Question 42

Between TNFa and IL-1, which activates the NF-kB pathway?

Answer 42

BOTH

Question 43

Which IL-1 molecule is constitutively formed in its active form in keratinocytes?

Answer 43

IL-1a

Question 44

Which IL-1 molecule needs to be cleaved by ICE to become active?

Answer 44

IL-1B

Question 45

Which IL-1 molecule is the "dummy" produced by neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages?

Answer 45

IL-1RA

Question 46

What is the most important cemotactic agent for neutrophils?

Answer 46

IL-8 (CXCL8)

Question 47

Which cytokines might help produce a fever

Answer 47

IL-1, TNFa (IL-6)