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IHL Exam 1 Me > Cytokines and hematopoiesis (Heck) > Flashcards

Cytokines and hematopoiesis (Heck) Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Test tube with anticoagulant

A

Plasma (albumin, fibrinogen, lipids, salts, vit., hormones, etc.)
Buffy coat (leukocytes)
Hematocrit (RBC’s ~45 percent)

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2
Q

Test tube without anticoagulant

A 
Serum (no fibrinogen, but containing albumin
Blood clot (fibrin containing network)
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3
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of red blood cells

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4
Q

leukopoiesis

A

formation of white blood cells

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5
Q

thrombopoiesis

A

formation of platelets

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6
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

pluripotent (can give rise to all three germ layers) capable of self-renewal
located in bone marrow

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7
Q

Phases of hematopoiesis

A

Yolk sac phase (hemangioblasts)
Hepatic phase (involves liver and spleen)
Bone marrow phase (at 7 months, bone marrow phase)

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8
Q

General trends of hematopoiesis

A 
Decrease cell diameter
Cytoplasm less basophilic 
Hemoglobin deposition--> pink color
Nuclear diameter decrease 
Nuclear color from purplish red to dark blue
nuclear chromatin condensed
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9
Q

Stem cell factor

A 
AKA--> C-Kit ligand
Receptor is C-kit
Hematopoietic cytokine
produced in bone marrow stromal cells
signal stimulates self-renewal and differentiation
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10
Q

What expresses C-Kit ligand receptor

A

Expressed by Hematopoietic stem cells

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11
Q

C-kit receptor

A

Tyrosine kinase receptor (activates MAPK, PI3-K, JAK/STAT)
located on HSC
proto-oncogene (mutation causes gain of function, induces proliferation of cells)

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12
Q

C-kit ligand in therapy

A

Given to pt’s after chemotherapy to repopulate stem cells

can tell which cells are stem cells b/c they have the C-kit receptor

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13
Q

Imatinib

A

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor
Binds to and inhibits C-Kit receptor
good results in treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia because it reduces the amount of HSC’s that are differentiating

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14
Q

Lineage restricted progenitor cells

A 
aka colony forming units (CFU)
Descendants of HSC's 
multipotent
non-renewing
includes Common Myeloid and Common Lymphoid progenitor cells
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15
Q

Erythrocytes

A 
Type of Myeloid 
Anucleate
Biconcave
Lacks organelles
120 day lifespan
Contains (plasma mem, cytoskeleton, hemoglobin, glycolytic enzymes)
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16
Q

O Antigen

A

Present when individual lacks functional enzymes (no extra sugar added)
default blood type

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17
Q

A Antigen

A

When individual has the enzyme N-acelylgalactosamine that adds extra N-Acelylgalactosamine

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18
Q

ABO blood groups

A

glycoprotein markers on surface of RBC’s
products of glycosylation
includes A, B, O and AB antigens

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19
Q

B antigen

A

have galactose transferase which adds additional galactose

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20
Q

AB blood group

A

Have both N-acelylgalactosamine and glucose transferase to add both additional sugars

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21
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Starts in bone marrow
Erythrocytes mature in blood stream
10 step process

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22
Q

10 steps in Erythropoiesis

A 
HSC
CMP
MEP
ErP
Proerythroblast
Basophilic Erythroblast
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
Normoblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
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23
Q

Proerythroblast

A

can see nucleolus (so means making tRNA and mRNA for ribosomes)
large nucleus
cytoplasm stains blue (positive) b/c free ribosomes synthesizing hemoglobin

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24
Q

Basophilic erythroblast

A

more basophilic

lots of ribosomes so still blue

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25
polychromatophilic erythroblast
stains both pink and blue because now have accumulation of hemoglobin
26
Normoblast
dense nucleus because of condensed chromatin can no longer divide nucleus is seen at the edge of the cell to be extruded
27
Reticulocyte
``` Anucleate stains pink (eosinophilic) looks pretty indistinguishable from mature RBC's this is released into the bloodstream (matures in 1-2 days) and used clinically to determine how much erythropoiesis is happening ```
28
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Cytokine (growth factor) that stimulates erythrocyte production produced by kidneys binds to erythroid cell lineage in bone marrow prevents apoptosis induced by hypoxia
29
Hif-1
induces expression of erythropoietin in hypoxic conditions
30
erythropoietin receptor
Located on erythroctye progenitor cells (also can be on proerythroblasts and normoblasts) tyrosine kinase receptor induces JAK/STAT pathway--> STAT induces expression of genomic sequences required for erythrocyte differentiation
31
Recombinant EPO clinical uses
chronic kidney disease: reduced EPO production leads to decreased RBC's chemotherapy: repopulate cells lost during chemotherapy
32
Recombinant EPO use in blood doping
Given to athletes to increase RBC, more muscle tissue oxygenation Detected by using electrophoresis--> isoelectric point of recomb. EPO different than human produced EPO
33
Platelets
very small compared to RBC's anucleate little membrane bound cytoplasm 4 zones
34
Peripheral zone and Structural Zone (platelet)
Cell membrane Glycocalyx (integral membrane of glycoproteins) Cytoskeleton
35
Organelle Zone (platelets)
Mitochondria Peroxisomes Glycogen Granules (contain clotting factors and activators, etc.)
36
Membrane Zone (of platelets)
Open canalicular system (OCS) these are remnants of membrane channels that subdivided the precursor megakaryocytic into platelets Dense tubular system -storage for calcium ions, originates from rER of precursor
37
Thromboeisis
6 step process | located in bone marrow
38
Megakaryoblast
large non lobed Undergoes endomitosis under influence of thrombopoietin
39
Megakaryocyte
``` Final step before platelet formation larger than megakaryoblast multi lobed nucleus undergoes Karyokinesis (nucleus) Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) ```
40
Thrombopoietin
Growth factor regulates platelet function targets and prevents apoptosis of megakaryocytic promotes maturation of megakaryocytic produced by liver mainly
41
c-Mpl receptor
Receptor for thrombopoietin | expressed on platelets, megakaryocytes
42
Liver failure
Insufficient in producing thrombopoietin
43
Thrombocythemia
Pt having too many platelets due to primary mechanism (So activating mutation in receptor or in thrombopoietin) results in clotting abnormally
44
thrombocytosis
too many platelets due to secondary mechanism
45
thrombocytopenia
not enough platelets
46
Leukopoiesis
Development of white blood cells myeloid lymphoid Granulocytes (have granules) Agranulocytes (no granules)
47
Specific granules
Secretory vesicles filled with cytotoxic enzymes and peptides that are released from cell during degranulation Special or specific (not present in most cells) only myeloid type white blood cells contain specific granules
48
Azurophilic granules
Non-specific to cells that degranulate (primary) | filled with enzymes that function in phagocytosis (killing a microbe)
49
Lymphoid type white blood cells
T lymphocyte B lymphocyte Natural killer cells
50
Myeloid type white blood cells
Neutrophils Monocytes Basophils Eosinophil
51
Myelopoiesis (cell types)
``` Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte Mature cell ```
52
Myeloblast (myeloid type white blood cells)
``` Contains nucleoli (producing RNA) no granules ```
53
Promyelocyte (myeloid type white blood cells)
producing primary (azurophilic) granules
54
Myelocyte
starts to produce specific granules (secondary) can begin to determine differences in cell type nucleus no longer round (no nucleoli
55
Metamyelocyte
Changes in nucleus occur (shape) post-mitotic so no longer dividing nucleus begins to indent
56
Neutrophil
Nucleus has 2-4 lobes cytoplasm lacks staining b/c it's specific granules are not highly staining ``` Band cells (unique stage of development) "u-shaped nucleus" ``` most common eliminate bacteria or parasites
57
Eosinophil
granulocyte of myeloid cell descent Bilobed nucleus stains darkly b/c of its specific granules not usually in high conc.
58
Basophil
Bilobed nucleus- but can't see it b/c of it's specific granules intense basophilic staining (blue) present in very low conc. histamine producing cell type (allergies)
59
Monocyte
Only agranulocyte of the myeloid cell descent cytoplasm doesn't stain b/c just has azurophilic granules in blood 3 days Differentiate in local tissue Macrophages (tissue specific) Osteoclasts (bone) Microglia (brain)
60
IL-3
cytokine produced by lymphocytes expansion of immature marrow progenitors into all types of mature hematopoeitic cells and mast cells used after chemotherapy to replenish cell types
61
GM-CSF
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony stimulating factor targets neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells source--> endothelial cells, T cells, fibroblasts, monocytes used after chemotherapy to replenish cell types
62
B cell
Lymphocyte of Lymphoid type cell descent Antibody production located in bone marrow
63
T Cells
Lymphocyte of lymphoid type cell descent cell-mediated immunity produced in bone marrow but undergo differentiation in the thymus
64
Natural killer cell
Large Lymphocyte Kidney shaped nucleus more intense staining mature in peripheral tissues
65
Lymphophoiesis
Lymphocyte production IL-7
66
IL-7
Cytokine stimulates expansion of immature B and T cells produced by stromal cells (CT type cell) of many tissues
67
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
Lack of IL-7 signaling causes decrease in T cells

IHL Exam 1 Me (11 decks)

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