cytology

Question 1

what did robet hooke do in 1665

Answer 1

he looked at a cork under a microscope and called the chambers he saw cells

Question 2

what did anton van leeuwenhoek do

Answer 2

he was the inventor of the microscope and studied living organisms in pond water and called them animalcules

Question 3

what did schlieden and schwann do

Answer 3

were german scientists who formed the basis of the cell theory of biology

Question 4

what is the cell theory of biology

Answer 4

• all organisms are made from cells
• spontaneous generation of cells does not exist
• in vitro- outside the organism or cell
• in vivo- inside the organism or cell

Question 5

what does protoplasm refer to

Answer 5

refers to the living part of the cell

Question 6

are cell walls found in animal cells?

Answer 6

no

Question 7

what is the function of the cell wall

Answer 7

protects cell wall from mechanical injury and supports and strengthens the cell

Question 8

what is the space between cells called

Answer 8

intercellular airspace

Question 9

what is the plasmalemma

Answer 9

the membrane outside the cell

Question 10

what is the plasmalemma formed from

Answer 10

a phospholipid bilayer and cholesterol molecules as well as globular protein molecules

Question 11

where is the dna contained in

Answer 11

the cells nucleus

Question 12

what are chromosomes

Answer 12

are made up of dna coiled around protein molecules called histones

Question 13

usually chromosomes appear as disorganized material called___

Answer 13

chromatin

Question 14

what are the 2 functions of the cell nucleus

Answer 14

1. organizes which type of proteins are produced and when they are produced
2. stores genetic information on the chromosomes

Question 15

what are the actin filaments in the cytoskeleton responsible for

Answer 15

contraction

Question 16

what are the microtubules in the cytoskeleton for

Answer 16

for structural strength

Question 17

what are the 4 functions of the cytoskeleton

Answer 17

1. maintains the shape of the cell
2. anchors the organelles
3. let’s substances move in the cytoplasm
4. can change the shape of the cell

Question 18

where are chloroplasts located

Answer 18

in the cytoplasmic ground substance

Question 19

what do chloroplasts contain

Answer 19

chlorophyll and carotenoids

Question 20

the ____ in a chloroplast contains___ responsible for producing glucose

Answer 20

stroma, enzymes

Question 21

what are thylakoids

Answer 21

are flat interconnected disk like sacs where the light phase of photosynthesis takes place

Question 22

what are ingergranal lamellae

Answer 22

are long membrane bound tubes

Question 23

what is the equation of photosynthesis

Answer 23

6co2 + 6h2o —-> 6c h12 o6 + 6o2

Question 24

what are leucoplasts

Answer 24

are colourles found in the storage organs of plants

Question 25

where are chromoplasts found

Answer 25

in the cytoplasmic matrix

Question 26

in flowers, chromoplasts attract ___

Answer 26

pollinators

Question 27

in fruit, chromoplasts attract____

Answer 27

animals

Question 28

what is the powerhouse of the cell

Answer 28

mitochondrion

Question 29

the outer membrane of the mitochondrion is smooth or folded?

Answer 29

smooth

Question 30

the inner membrane of the mitochondrion is smooth or folded?

Answer 30

folded

Question 31

what are cristae

Answer 31

they posses lollipop particles where energy is produced and stored as atp

Question 32

what is the equation for respiration

Answer 32

c6 h12 06 +6o2 —> 6co2 + 6h2ol

Question 33

what is the er

Answer 33

a network of membranes running through the cytoplasm

Question 34

what do the membranes of the er consist of

Answer 34

flattened, membrane bound sacs called cisternae

Question 35

what is the function of the er

Answer 35

- to transport the proteins made by the ribosomes - they get modified into what is needed by the organism - at the edge of the er small vesicles break off and a transport the ribosomes to the golgi body

Question 36

what is the function of the ser

Answer 36

- the syntheses of lipids like steroids | - may also help with the breakdown of toxins like drugs

Question 37

what is the golgi body made of

Answer 37

flat, curved, membrane bound sacs called cisternae

Question 38

what is a stack of sacs of the golgi body called

Answer 38

dictyosome

Question 39

what is the bottom of the golgi body called

Answer 39

forming face (cis)

Question 40

what is the top of the golgi body called?

Answer 40

the maturing face (trans)

Question 41

what is the function of the golgi body

Answer 41

- . to transport and chemically modify the materials inside it - these materials become secretary products - when the materials are ready, small vesicles break away and move towards the surface of the cell where they fuse with the plasmalemma and release their content to the outside

Question 42

lysosomes are found in ____ cells

Answer 42

eukaryotic

Question 43

what are lysosomes

Answer 43

small membrane that contain digestive enzymes that help with intracellular digestion

Question 44

what are ribosomes made of

Answer 44

equal parts of protein and ribosomal dna

Question 45

what is the function of ribosomes

Answer 45

to provide a platform where protein synthesis takes place

Question 46

where are centrioles found

Answer 46

in the cytoplasm near the nucleus in the centrosome

Question 47

centrioles are hollow cylinders that contain _____ microtubules

Answer 47

9 triplets or 27

Question 48

what is the function of centrioles

Answer 48

to control the spindle fibers during cellular division

Question 49

what are vacuoles

Answer 49

are fluid filled membrane sacs

Question 50

in animals, vacuoles are ___ and _____

Answer 50

small and temporary

Question 51

phagosomes are ___ vacuoles

Answer 51

food

Question 52

contractile vacuoles play a role in ______ of ____ water

Answer 52

excretion excess

Question 53

in plants, vacuoles are ____ and ____

Answer 53

large and permanent

Question 54

vacuoles are surrounded by_____ and contain____

Answer 54

tonoplast cell sap

Question 55

what are the 3 functions of vacuoles

Answer 55

1. support 2. storage and excretion 3. digestion

Question 56

what is autophagy

Answer 56

where digestive enzymes are used to break down old organelles

Question 57

what is autolysis

Answer 57

where the tonoplast loses it’s partial permeability and enzymes are released and the entire cell is digested