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Cell Biology- Samiyah > Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Why do cells need a cytoskeleton

A

Cells need to be strong and dynamic

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2
Q

Why don’t plant cells move

A

Because they have a cell wall

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3
Q

What are the 3 core filament proteins in the cytoskeleton

A

Actin microfilaments
microtubules
Intermediate filaments

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4
Q

What is this a cross section of

A

Actin microfilament

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5
Q

What is this a cross section of

A

Microtubule
Around 25nm in diameter

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6
Q

What is this a cross section of

A

Intermediate filaments

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of actin microfilaments

A
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of microtubules

A
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of intermediate filaments

A
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10
Q

Label this diagram of an actin microfilament

A
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11
Q

Microfilaments :

A
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12
Q

Mictrotubules:

A
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13
Q

Intermediate filaments:

A
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14
Q

Why are filaments used for strength in a cell

A
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15
Q

Why are filaments made up of subunits

A
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16
Q

What is the structure of intermediate filaments and how is its structure formed

A
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17
Q

What happens if something goes wrong with intermediate filaments

A

Lead to disease e.g amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of the bacterial cytoskeleton

A
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19
Q

What are some different examples of microfilaments in a cell and what do they do

A
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20
Q

What are the characteristics of actin

A
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21
Q

What characteristic does microfilaments have

A

They are dynamic

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22
Q

What are the phases of dynamic filament

A
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23
Q

What is the critical concentration

A
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24
Q

What is nucleation needed for

A

Neede to facilitate growth
It brings G actin together to form oligomers

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25
Q

Using a diagram, describe the process of treadmilling

A
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26
Q

What is treadmilling

A
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27
Q

What happens when ATP vinds to actin

A

The conformation of actin changes
This changes the affinity in the filament

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28
Q

What is the rate of ATP/ADP addition at the plus and minus ends of the microfilament

A

Rate of ADP addition is slower than ATP addition at both ends of the microfilament
ADP not readily added to the plus end
The rate if loss of ADP actin is greater than the rate of addition of ATP at the minus end, but at the plus end loss of ADP actin is faster than at the minus end

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29
Q

Where does ADP actin tend to end up in a microfilament

A

Tends to end up in older parts of the filament

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30
Q

Using a diagram, explain the concept of critical concentration

A

Between the two critical concentrations (Cc of plus end and Cc of minus end) is when treadmilling occurs

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31
Q

What are nucleators and why are they needed

A

They are needed because spontaneous nucleation takes too long (as it relies on diffusion)

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32
Q

What are the two main types of nucleators and what are their main roles

A
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33
Q

What is the role of ARP 2/3

A

ARP= actin related proteins
They can act as a starting point for nucleation as they have a similar structure to Actin

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34
Q

How does ARP 2/3 help produce microfilaments

A

It holds the minus ends and allows the plus ends to grow

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35
Q

Why is growth of the branches (daughter filaments) important for a cell

A

They produce a force that pushes the plasma membrane forward at the leading edge of motile cells
(Cells need it to move)

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36
Q

What is the role of formins

A

They provide a template for the growing plus ends of microfilaments
2 actin subunits are held by formin

37
Q

How does formin work to help nucleation/ filament formation

A
38
Q

What are actin binding proteins and what do they do

A
39
Q

What are the proteins involved in controlling the growth of microfilaments

A
40
Q

What are filament severing proteins and what do they do

A
41
Q

What is the role of filamin

A
42
Q

What do filament binding proteins do. Name two types and what they do

A
43
Q

What is the role of microtubules

A
44
Q

What is the structure of microtubules

A
45
Q

How does microtuble nucleation occur

A
46
Q

What is the microtubule organising centre

A
47
Q

How are microtubules organise themselves from the centrosome

A
48
Q

What do centrosames contain

A

-they contain a centriole pair

49
Q

What are microtubules able to do if they are severed from their centriole

A
50
Q

How does microtubule treadmilling work

A
51
Q

What is dynamic instability and how does it occur

A
52
Q

Draw a diagram to represent how dynamic instability and catastrophe occurs

A
53
Q

Draw a graph to show how length of the microtubule varies over time

A
54
Q

Why may dynamic instability be useful for a cell

A
55
Q

What are 2 types of microtubule binding proteins and what do they do

A
56
Q

What does MAP2 and tau do

A
57
Q

How is tau targeted in Alzheimer’s

A
58
Q

What are microtubule stabilising proteins and give an example

A
59
Q

What do katanins do

A

Makes disassociation of microtubules more likely

60
Q

How does katanin work

A
61
Q

What drugs can be used to perturb the cytoskeleton

A
62
Q

How can cell wall formation be guided by microtubules - draw a diagram to help explain this

A
63
Q

What is the role of microtubules in cell division

A
64
Q

Why is diffusion not enough for transport around the cell

A
65
Q

What are the 3 main classes of motor proteins

A
66
Q

How are energy and force produced for motor proteins

A
67
Q

What kind of motor protein does prokaryotes have

A

They have a bacterial flagella

68
Q

What are the 2 ways in which motor proteins are anchored

A

If elastic force exceeds resistance the track or motor will move (depending on which is anchored)
So if motor is anchored the track will move and vice Vera’s

69
Q

What structures are conserved in motor proteins

A
70
Q

Which class of motor protein is this

A

Kinesin

71
Q

What class of motor protein is this

A

Cytoplasmic dynein

72
Q

What class of motor protein is this

A
73
Q

How do kinesins and dyneins work

A
74
Q

Describe the structure of kinesins

A
75
Q

Describe the structure of dynein

A
76
Q

How do dyneins move across microtubules

A

As dynein-1 moves along an MT, ATP hydrolysis in the AAA+ ring of each monomer generates a series of conformational changes, which detach the monomer from the MT and reorient its linker domain to produce a net step toward the minus end

77
Q

What is the function of dyneins

A
78
Q

What is this a cross section of

A
79
Q

How do ciliary dyneins cause the cilia to bend

A
80
Q

How does dynein and Kinesin work together

A
81
Q

Draw a diagram to show how kinesins and dyneins work in a cell

A
82
Q

How does influenza hijack the cytoskeleton

A
83
Q

What are the characteristics of the myosin superfamily

A
84
Q

What is the structure of myosin

A
85
Q

How do myosin motors produce force and move along the actin filament

A
86
Q

What is the structure of actin and myosin in muscles

A
87
Q

What happens when myosin goes wrong

A
88
Q

What is the role of myosin motors in cell division

A

Cell Biology- Samiyah (17 decks)

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