D1-D2

Question 1

When does the SL valve open?

Answer 1

When pressure in ventricle is greater than in the aorta

Question 2

When does left ventricular contraction start?

Answer 2

before right side

Question 3

When does right side ejection start?

Answer 3

before the left side

Question 4

At a HR of 75/min, what is the time of atrial systole?

Answer 4

0.1 sec

Question 5

At a HR of 200/min, what is the time of ventricular systole and diastole?

Answer 5

systole-0.16 sec
diastole-0.14 sec

Question 6

At how many beats/min does the ventricle have problems filling adequately?

Answer 6

above 180/min

Question 7

What moves blood and generates a pressure wave (pulse)?

Answer 7

systolic contraction

Question 8

When does the 1st heart sound occur?

Answer 8

closing of the AV valves, start of ventricular systole

Question 9

When does the 2nd heart sound occur?

Answer 9

closing of the SL valves, end of ventricular systole

Question 10

What sound does a narrowed valve make during systole and diastole?

Answer 10

lub-whistle-dub (systolic)
lub-dub-whistle (diastolic)

Question 11

What sound does a insufficient valve make?

Answer 11

lub-swish-dub (systolic)
lub-dub-swish (diastolic)

Question 12

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure?

Answer 12

Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR)

Question 13

What controls the heart rate?

Answer 13

autonomic system (sympathetic, epinephrine, and parasympathetic)

Question 14

What is the main thing stroke volume is influenced by?

Answer 14

contractility of the cardiac muscle is being increased

Question 15

What causes increased contractility of the cardiac muscles?

Answer 15

more cross-bridging between actin and myosin (frank-starling law)
increase in Ca inside the cell

Question 16

Which node has beta 1 receptors?

Answer 16

SA node

Question 17

What does cAMP do in the cardiac muscle?

Answer 17

accelerates relaxation

Question 18

What triggers L type calcium channels to be more permeable to Ca?

Answer 18

PKA

Question 19

What makes Ca go faster and the cell to process Ca faster?

Answer 19

sympathetic stimulation

Question 20

What inhibits Ca efflux across the sarcolemma?

Answer 20

PKA, to keep Ca levels high

Question 21

Where are the L- type Ca channels located and what activates it?

Answer 21

in the T tubule membrane and are activated by action potential going down the T tubule

Question 22

What do the activated L type channels do to cause a release of Ca in the cardiac muscle?

Answer 22

physically interact with ryanodine receptors (RyR) in the SR

Question 23

What increases heart rate (chronotropy) in the SA and AV nodes?

Answer 23

Norepinephrine via beta-1 receptors

Question 24

What increases calcium processing (inotropy) for the cardiac myocytes?

Answer 24

norepinephrine via beta-1 receptors

Question 25

What inhances the release of calcium by troponin ?

Answer 25

PKA phosphorylating TN-I

Question 26

What decreases chronotropy at the SA and AV nodes by opening special K channels and decreasing cAMP levels?

Answer 26

ACh activating the M2 receptors

Question 27

What does sympathetic stimulation do to the frank starling curve?

Answer 27

shifts the curve to the left (higher)

Question 28

What are 4 things that sympathetic activity increase during the cardiac cycle?

Answer 28

1. stroke volume 2. strength of cardiac contraction 3. end-diastolic volume (EDV) 4. Venous return

Question 29

What does digitalis do to the contractility of the heart?

Answer 29

increases calcium levels inhibits NA-K pump making Na ion levels higher in the cell (builds up)

Question 30

What are some factors affecting EDV?

Answer 30

1. increase in intrapericardial pressure (fluids) and limits ventricular expansion 2. increases ventricular stiffness (from heart attack) 3. not able to effectively contract the atrial muscles

Question 31

What is the difference for someone with a transplanted heart?

Answer 31

heart rate doesn't change because SNS and PNS isn't hooked up

Question 32

Where do the cardiac myocytes get their oxygen?

Answer 32

from the coronary artery system (not from the blood in the atrium or ventricles)

Question 33

What does an increase in afterload increase?

Answer 33

O2 consumption