D9-D10

Question 1

What side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?

Answer 1

Right side

Question 2

The absorption of oxygen and the removal or co2 from the body as a whole

Answer 2

External respiration

Question 3

The utilization of oxygen and production of co2 by cells and the gaseous exchange between the cells and their fluid medium

Answer 3

Internal respiration

Question 4

The pressure exerted by one gas in a mixture of gases

Answer 4

partial pressure

Question 5

How much oxygen is in the air at sea level?

Answer 5

20.98%

Question 6

How much CO2 is in the air at sea level?

Answer 6

0.04%

Question 7

How much Nitrogen is in the air at sea level?

Answer 7

78.06%

Question 8

How much much pressure of CO2 is in the body?

Answer 8

about 40-45 mmHG

Question 9

From the trachea to the alveoli, how many times do the airways divide?

Answer 9

23 times

Question 10

How many generations of tubes form in the conducting zone?

Answer 10

16

Question 11

The last 7 generations of tubes form where?

Answer 11

respiratory zone

Question 12

What is the purpose of multiple divisions?

Answer 12

increases total cross-sectional area of airways

Question 13

Which type of cells secrete surfactants?

Answer 13

Type II cells

Question 14

Why is ventilation regulated?

Answer 14

to maintain concentration of CO2 (not O2)

Question 15

What is the driving force for moving gases by diffusion?

Answer 15

Partial pressure

Question 16

What do we convert the air to before it gets to the alveoli when we breathe?

Answer 16

BTPS (body temp pressure and saturation conditions)

Question 17

2 zones for air movement

Answer 17

conducting, respiratory

Question 18

What is airflow in the conducting zone governed by?

Answer 18

same laws as hemodynamics (poisuille’s law)

Question 19

What will happen to the velocity of air flow when the cross sectional area increases?

Answer 19

velocity decreases

Question 20

Where is the cross sectional area total high and the velocity low?

Answer 20

Respiratory zone

Question 21

What do the trachea and bronchi have in their walls?

Answer 21

cartilage

Question 22

What controls the size of the airways in the walls of the bronchioles?

Answer 22

smooth muscle

Question 23

What receptors do the bronchial epithelium and smooth muscle contain?

Answer 23

b2-arenergic receptors

Question 24

4 things that control pulmonary diameters?

Answer 24

1. acetylcholine
2. norepinephrine
3. histamine
4. CO2 levels

Question 25

How does acetylcholine control pulmonary diameters?

Answer 25

cause contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle

Question 26

How does norepinephrine control pulmonary diameters?

Answer 26

binds to b2 receptors and relaxes the bronchial muscle

Question 27

How does histamine control pulmonary diameters?

Answer 27

can cause contraction of bronchial smooth muscle (sneezing, runny nose)

Question 28

How does CO2 levels influence airway diameters?

Answer 28

Decreased CO2-constriction Increased CO2-relaxation

Question 29

What can be removed by macrophages that get to the alveoli?

Answer 29

small particles

Question 30

What makes the lungs want to compress into a smaller structure?

Answer 30

elastic components

Question 31

What keeps the lungs expanded and next to the thoracic cage and diaphragm

Answer 31

The pressure in the pleural cavity (pleura is tissue that surrounds the lungs)

Question 32

What keeps the lungs expanded?

Answer 32

pressure in the pleural cavity is slightly less than atm pressure

Question 33

What does increasing the volume in the lungs do to pressure in the lungs?

Answer 33

reduces the pressure

Question 34

What helps with increasing the thoracic volume?

Answer 34

muscles of the neck

Question 35

What plays the biggest role in moving air out rapidly?

Answer 35

abdominal muscle

Question 36

What sends signals to the brain to contract the diaphragm?

Answer 36

phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

Question 37

Do we want alveolar surface tension high or low?

Answer 37

low

Question 38

What does the level of surface tension do?

Answer 38

1. keep the alveoli from collapsing 2. improves compliance (elasticity) of the lungs

Question 39

When does surfactant develop in humans?

Answer 39

right when you're born

Question 40

Why are surfactants important?

Answer 40

keeps them from collapsing

Question 41

What is the oxygen concentrations in the alveoli (inspired)?

Answer 41

158 mmHG

Question 42

What is the typical oxygen concentration in the alveoli?

Answer 42

100 mmHG

Question 43

Where are the gas concentrations different in the ventricles?

Answer 43

capillary beds of the lungs or tissues

Question 44

What is effectiveness of ventilation determined by?

Answer 44

1. tidal volume 2. dead space 3. frequency of breaths

Question 45

How much O2 is in the blood?

Answer 45

1050 ml

Question 46

How much O2 is used per min at rest?

Answer 46

250 ml

Question 47

How much CO2 is eliminated per min?

Answer 47

200 ml

Question 48

What dictates the amount of oxygen the hemoglobin can hold?

Answer 48

partial pressure of O2 in the plasma

Question 49

What are 3 factors that affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

Answer 49

1, the ph 2. the temp 3. BPG (2,3-biphosphoglycerate)

Question 50

What does higher concentrations of BPG mean?

Answer 50

more oxygen is released for any PO2 level

Question 51

3 forms CO2 is carried in the blood

Answer 51

1. dissolved 2. bound to amino acids (on hemoglobin) 3. converted to carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase and then converted to the bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion