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Developmental Anatomy IP3 > DA 6 > Flashcards

DA 6 Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Pharyngeal arches

A
  • aggregations of mesenchyme in area of pharynx
  • separated by grooves:
    • pouches (inside) - lined by endoderm
    • clefts (outside) - lined by ectoderm
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2
Q

How many paried pouches are there in mammals?

A

four

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3
Q

Pouches (inside) from pahryngeal arches are lined by…

A

endodern

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4
Q

Clefts (outside) from pharyngeal arches are lined by…

A

ectoderm

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5
Q

Derivative of pharyngeal Pouch I

A

Middle ear cavity and auditory tube

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6
Q

Derivaive of pharyngeal pouch II

A

Palatine tonsil

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7
Q

Derivative of pharyngeal pouch III

A

External parathyroid and thymus

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8
Q

Derivative of pharyngeal pouch IV

A
  • Internal parathyroid and ultimobranchial body
  • Ultimobranchial body will eventually become incorporated with thyroid gland to form parafollicular cells
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9
Q

Respiratory diverticulum

A
  • Forms as an outgrowth of ventral part of foregut.
  • Tracheoesophageal septum separates it from the rest of the primitive gut.
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10
Q

Resiratory system extends into _____ mesoderm.

A

Splanchnic

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11
Q

Respiratory system bifurcates to form _____

A

Lung Buds

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12
Q

Each lung bud enlarges to form ____

A

Primary bronchus

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13
Q

Primary bronchus branches to form _____

A

Definitive bronchial tree

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14
Q

Lung maturation: embrynic stage

A

Lung bud formation

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15
Q

Lung maturation: pseudo-glandular stage

A

Formation of terminal bronchioles

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16
Q

Lung maturation: canalicular stage

A

formation of respiratory bronchioles

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17
Q

Lung maturation: terminal sac stage (stage of primitive alveoli)

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles divide to form alveoli
  • Formation of alveolo-capillary membrane
  • Production of surfactant
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18
Q

At what stage of lung maturation is respiration possible:

A

terminal sac stage

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19
Q

Lung maturation: alveolar stage

A
  • All of bronchial tree is completed
  • Increase in number of alveoli by septation of present ones.
  • Lung growth and expansion
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20
Q

Respiratory capacity is increased by ____ and _____.

A

Exercise and hypoxia (at high altitude oxygen concentration remains the same, but oxygen pressure decreases, which means the oxygen from alveoli passes through a slower rate, this inreases rate and depth of respiration and facilitates growth and expansion of alveoli)

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21
Q

Majority of alveolar cells (95%) are….

22
Q

5% of alveolar cells are….

Study These Flashcards
A

Cuboidal and produce surfactant (Type II)

23
Q

Functionality of the lung

Study These Flashcards
A

Varies with species, in most species lung is in terminal sac stage

24
Q

When is lung functionally mature?

25
Surfactant
Phospholipid fluid coating alveoli
26
When is surfactant produced
Produced in late fetal stage
27
Function of surfactant
prevents collapse of alveoli in expiration
28
Why are breathing movements before birth important?
For conditioning of respiratory muscles.
29
Contributing factors of anomalies of respiratory system
* Its endodermal origin (has low differentiating ability) * Its sequential development (insults affect different stages) * Available space (limited expansion with small thoracic cavity)
30
Pharyngeal pouches anomalies are related to formation of ____ or \_\_\_\_.
Cysts of fistulas
31
Congenital guttural pouch tympany
* THis is a gaseous distension due to defective opening into pharynx. * Signs are swelling caudal to mandible. * Treatment/management - surgical correction - curative * create opening through the pharynx or median septum to allow air to pass to the functional pouch.
32
Collapsed trachea
One of the most common causes of airway obstruction * partial occlusion of trachea due to defective cartilages * common in miniature and toy breeds of dog * signs: honking cough, gagging * treatment: surgical (prosthetic rings), cartilage building supplements
33
With a collapsed trachea it is important to manage\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Obesity
34
Tracheal hypoplasia (stenosis)
* Local narrowng as primary defect (or fusion of tracheal cartilages) * Predisposition - brachycephalic breeds * Signs: nonspecific respiratory distress (coughing, wheezing)
35
Tracheoesophageal fistulas
Most severe and most common * due to abnormal partitioning of espophagus and trachea * Most common form is that associated with esopageal atresia * Usually associated with other birth defects (VACtreL association) * Symptoms: cyanosis, coughing, vomiting * Treatment: surgical correction (complications likely - like refistulation) * This condition can be aquired following surgeries or pressure from tracheostomy tube
36
What is the most common form of tracheoesphgel fistula?
Esophagela atresia (seen in figure A) B, C, D are other variations
37
Lung anomalies are \_\_\_\_
rare and usually partial conditions
38
Lung agenesis
Failure of lung buds to develop - rare
39
Accessory lobes
From additional lung buds (lung hypoplasia also)
40
Pulmonary cysts
* Form when terminal bronchioles lose connection with main branch * Result is poor drainage of the fluid filled cyst --\> leads to chronic infections
41
Lung hypoplasia
Small, poorly developed lung (associated with skeletal defects or diphragmatic hernia)
42
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is called what in humans?
Hyaline membrane disease
43
What is a complementary condition in domestic mammals of RDS?
Neonatal maladjustment syndrome (barker syndrome)
44
Causes of RDS:
* insufficiency of surfactant (premature birth) * incomplete lung expansion (insufficient blood to newborn) * Dystocia --\> hypoxia --\> irreversible lung changes
45
Symptoms of RDS
Cyanosis, apnea, shallow breathing
46
Management of RDS
* Aritifical surfactant with glucocorticoids (to speed up maturation of lungs) * Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to keep alveoli open all the time
47
Atelectasis:
absence of air in a normally air-filled space; some parts of lung at birth are still atelectactic at birth, lung that have never taken a breath will sink, lung that has taken at least one breath will float
48
Acquired form of respiratory distress syndrome is from .....
From fluid accumulation in the lungs
49
Primitive gut divisions:
Pharynx, foregut, midgut, hindgut
50
Pharynx
-Extends from orpharyngeal membrane to esophagus -not surrounded by coelom (cavity) -Its mesoderm is not split

Developmental Anatomy IP3 (6 decks)

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