DA4

Question 1

What system is first to become functional in developing embryo?

Answer 1

Cardiovascular system

Question 2

Cardiovascular system begins as paired condensations of splanchnic mesoderm called ______.

Answer 2

Cardiogenic fields

Question 3

After cardiogenic fields develop, cells proliferate and differentiate into _______.

Answer 3

Angiogenic cell clusturs

Question 4

Cells organize into cords then into paired ______.

Answer 4

Endocardial tubes

Question 5

Inductive influences of _______ is essential for the development of the cardiovascular system.

Answer 5

Endoderm

Question 6

Without the influence of the endoderm, what happens to the cardiovascular system?

Answer 6

Acardia - no heart develops

Question 7

Body folding tubes fust to form single median ______.

Answer 7

Endocardial tube

Question 8

Cardia bifida

Answer 8

Double heart, lethal conditions because none of the two hearts are functionally competent

Question 9

The endocardial tube is temporarily connected to the dorsal wall by ______.

Answer 9

Dorsal mesocardium which will degenerate - it is only a temporary structure

Question 10

The heart differentiates into four parts after the formation of the endocardial tube. List them from cranial to caudal.

Answer 10

1. Bulbus cordis 2. Ventricle 3. Atrium 4. Sinus venosus

Question 11

Formation of cardiac loop is determined by:

Answer 11

1. Elongation of tube within restricted pericardium 2. degeneration of dorsal mesocardium 3. Anchorage of tube at both ends

Question 12

The endocardial tube folds on itself to form the…..

Answer 12

Cardiac loop

Question 13

The cardiac loop is formed by the cranial portion folding _________ and the caudal portion folding ________.

Answer 13

Cranial portion folds ventrocaudally and to the right. Caudal portion folds dorsocranially and to the left.

Question 14

Formation of cardiac chambers are indicated by _____.

Answer 14

Local expansions

Question 15

Formation of cardiac chambers is induced by _____.

Answer 15

Direction of blood flow; blood becomes shifted to the right

Question 16

Formation of cardiac chambers is accomplished by the formation of _______.

Answer 16

Cardiac septa

Question 17

Endocardium between two chambers proliferates to form ______

Answer 17

Endocardial cushions which divide AV canal into right and left canals

Question 18

Endocardial cushions are remodeled by ______ of internal walls

Answer 18

Selective escavations

Question 19

Partitioning of common atrium starts with the formation of ______, which is a ridge from the roof of the atrium extending towards cushions.

Answer 19

Septum Primum

Question 20

The septum primum leaves temporary communication between atria, called _______.

Answer 20

Ostium primum

Question 21

Before the septum primum fuses with cushions, its dorsal part degenerates to form _______.

Answer 21

Ostium secundum

Question 22

During the formation of the septum secundum, the dosral part extends from the ______, and the ventral part extends from the ______.

Answer 22

Dorsal part extends from the roo of the atrium.

Ventral part extends from the cushions.

Question 23

The dorsal and ventral parts of the septum secundum do not fuse before birth, so the two atria communicate via ______.

Answer 23

Foramen ovale

Question 24

When does the complete separatino of the two atria occur? And what structure forms as a result?

Answer 24

Complete separation of two atria occurs after birth by fusion of the two septa.

Fossa ovalis

Question 25

The partitioning of the common ventricle is accomplished by a myocardial ridge between ventricle and bublus cordis extending towards cushions called \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 25

Muscular septum

Question 26

Complete separation of ventricles occurs by formation of _______ from the \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 26

Membranous septum from the cushions

Question 27

Paritioning of bulbus cordis consists of two parts:

Answer 27

Dilated part and narrow part (called conus cordis)

Question 28

The major dilated part of the bulbus cordis is incorportated into RV as the origin of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. In the adult, this portion is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 28

Pulmonary trunk arteries Conus arteriosus

Question 29

Partitioning of conus cordis maintains communication with \_\_\_\_

Answer 29

Both ventricles

Question 30

Partitioning of conus cordis is divided by paired ______ into two main channels _____ and \_\_\_\_.

Answer 30

Divided by paired conotruncal ridges into two main channels: aortic and pulmonary

Question 31

Formation of blood vessels form contemporaneously with the \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 31

Heart

Question 32

Angiogenic cells _____ to heart form its cranial and caudal connections.

Answer 32

Lateral

Question 33

Angiogenic cells in _____ and _____ form extraembryonic vessels.

Answer 33

Yolk sac and allantois

Question 34

Proccesses involved in formation of blood vessels: vasculogenesis

Answer 34

Formation of vascular plexuses. Hemangioblasts of splanchnic mesoderm form blood islands. Blood islands connect to form the vascular plexuses.

Question 35

Vascular plexuses in the yolk sac are called:

Answer 35

Extraembryonic plexuses

Question 36

Vascular plexuses around forming organs are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 36

Intraemryonic plexuses

Question 37

Cells of plexuses differentiate to _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 37

Blood cells and vascular endothelium

Question 38

Proccesses involved in formation of blood vessels: Angiogenesis

Answer 38

Sprouting of blood vessels and remodeling of vascular plexuses

Question 39

Several organs produce _________ for vessel formation

Answer 39

Angiogenesis factors

Question 40

Arterial and venous differentiation is dependent on:

Answer 40

The amount and direction of blood flow (pressure differences)

Question 41

Arterial system is represented by paired:

Answer 41

* Aortic arches * Dorsal aorta * Vitelline artery * umbilical artery

Question 42

Venous system represnted by paired:q

Answer 42

* Cranial cardinal V * Caudal cardinal V * Vitelline V * Umbilical V

Question 43

Vitelline veins

Answer 43

* Convey blood from yolk sac to heart * Within liver form hepatic sinusoids * Cranial patent portions form hepatic veins * Caudal patent portions form portal vein

Question 44

Vitelline arteries

Answer 44

* Distribute blood from dorsal aortae to yolk sac * In adult - right ones form ventral, unpaired branches of aorta: bronchoesophageal artery, celiac artery, carnial and caudal mesenteric arteries

Question 45

Umbical veins convey oxygengated blood from placenta. The right umbilical vein obliterates and persists as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 45

Round ligament of the liver

Question 46

Umbilical arteries return fetal blood to placenta. If they remain patent they will form \_\_\_\_\_\_, and if they collapse, they form \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 46

Cranial vessicle arteries; round ligament of the bladder

Question 47

Aortic arches

Answer 47

* Represent the arterial components of pharyngeal arches * Are formed in serial order

Question 48

Aortic arches: six pairs develop in vertebrate embryo but only which ones are retained?

Answer 48

3, 4, and 6

Question 49

The transofrmation of aortic arches accounts for establishment of definitive \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 49

arterial system

Question 50

Transformation of dosral aortae

Answer 50

* Caudal to arch VI fuse to form adult aorta * In area of arches remain paired - extend to form internal carotid arteries

Question 51

Transformation of ventral aortae

Answer 51

* They fuse near the heart * Their cranial extensions form external carotid arteries * between arches III and IV become common carotid arteries

Question 52

First two pairs of aortic arches \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 52

Degenerate

Question 53

The fifth aortic arch .....

Answer 53

never forms or rapidly degenerates

Question 54

Transformation of arch III

Answer 54

Retained as connections between ventral aortae and internal carotid Aa.

Question 55

Transformation of arch IV

Answer 55

* Left - forms adult aortic arch * Right - forms brachiocephalic trunk

Question 56

Transformation of arch VI

Answer 56

* Poximal parts - form roots of pulmonary arteries * distal parts - right is lost, left becomes ductus arteriosus and in the adult the duct collapes to become fibrous tissue called ligamentus arteriosus