daily sample questions Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
what is the number of vertebrae in the typical spine?
A
24 segments
2
Q
what constitutes the spine?
A
the 24 pre sacral segments; the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
3
Q
which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae?
A
two toed sloth, manatee, ant bear, three toed sloth
4
Q
which mammals have more then seven cervical vertebrae?
A
ant bear and three toed sloth
5
Q
which mammals have less then seven cervical vertebrae?
A
manatee and two toed sloth
6
Q
what does the term “cervical” refer to?
A
the region of the neck
7
Q
what does the term “lumbar” refer to?
A
the loin; the region between the rib and the hip
8
Q
what does the term “coccyx’ refer to?
A
a cuckoo bird’s bill or a cuckoo bird’s beak
9
Q
which variations account for the disparity in number and morphology of vertebrae within the population?
A
gender variation or sexual dimorphism, ontogenetic variation, geographic or population based variation, and idiosyncratic variation
10
Q
differences in the number and morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?
A
ontogenetic dimorphism
11
Q
what is the length of a typical male spinal column?
A
about 70 centimeters or 28 inches
12
Q
what is the length of a typical female spinal column?
A
about 60 centimeters or 25 inches
13
Q
what is the length of the male cervical region?
A
12 centimeters or 5 inches
14
Q
what is the length of the male thoracic region?
A
28 centimeters or 11 inches
15
Q
what is the length of the male lumbar region?
A
18 centimeters or 7 inches
16
Q
what is the length of the male sacrum?
A
12 centimeters or 5 inches
17
Q
based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column……what is the length of the male spine?
A
58 centimeters and 23 inches
18
Q
how does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
A
ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template
19
Q
what levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weight bearing transfer?
A
S1-S3 at the auricular surface
20
Q
what specifically is responsible for the shape and position of the human frame?
A
comparative anterior vs posterior height of the vertebral body and comparative anterior vs posterior height of the intervertebral disc
21
Q
what organs are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?
A
eyes and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
22
Q
what is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?
A
cervical- rectangular; thoracic- triangular; lumbar- reniform
23
Q
what are the ages of appearance and the events occurring at each step in the formation of bone at the superior and inferior surface of the vertebral body?
A
ages 7 to 9 years- appearance of epiphyseal plate centers of ossification
age 12 years- formation of the epiphyseal ring
age 15 years- formation of the epiphyseal rim
24
Q
what are the names of the openings found around the margins of the vertebral body?
A
nutrient foramina or vascular foramina
25
what large opening is usually found at the back of the vertebral body?
basivertebral venous foramen
26
what is the name given to the large vessel exiting the back of the vertebral body?
basivertebral vein
27
what is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?
cervical- posterolateral
thoracic- posterior, slight lateral
lumbar- posterior
28
what ligament will attach to the lamina?
the ligamentum flavum
29
what classification of bone will para-articular processes represent?
accessory bone
30
what is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen in x-rays?
shingling
31
what is the generic orienation if the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?
cervical- anterolateral
thoracic- posterolateral
lumbar- lateral
32
what will cause the transverse process/ transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?
cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse processes to accommodate their new postion
33
what will cause the transverse process/ transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?
the growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the TVP backward
34
what is the name given to the bone surface at the front of a zygapophysis?
superior articular facet
35
what is the name given to the bone surface at back of a zygapophysis?
inferior articular facet
36
in the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies anterior to the zygapophysis is called the?
pre-zygapophysis
37
in the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies posterior to the zygapophysis is called the?
post-zygapophysis
38
what will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior articular process/ post- zygapophysis, the superior articular process/ pre-zygapophysis, capsular ligament, the ligamentum flavum
39
what will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
vertebral body of the segment above, vertebral body of the segment below, intervertebral disc, and posterior longitudinal ligament
40
what will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
inferior vertebral notch/ inferior vertebral incisure
41
what will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
superior vertebral notch/ superior vertebral incisure
42
What is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process/spinous apophysis?
Calculate the angle formed between the under side of the spinous process and the horizontal plane
43
What is the name given to the overlap of spinous processes as seen on an X-ray?
Imbrication
44
What is the orientation of the spinous processes at each region of the spine?
Cervical- slight angle inferior
Thoracic- noticeable angle inferior
Lumbar- no inferior angle
45
What neural structures will occupy the vertebral foramen until L2?
The spinal cord/spinal medulla/medulla spinalis, the proximal part of the peripheral nerve system, and the meninges
46
What is the typical shape/outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column/vertebral column?
Cervical- triangular
Thoracic-oval
Lumbar-triangular
Sacrum-triangular
47
Identify the meninges of the spinal cord/ spinal medulla/ medulla spinalis and commonly accepted name?
Dura mater- tough mother
Arachnoid mater- spider mother
Pia mater- tender or delicate mother
48
Name and locate each space between the osseous vertebral foramen and the spinal cord ...?
Epidural space- between the vertebral foramen and the dura mater
Subdural space- between the Dura Mater and arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space-between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater
49
What are the contents of the epidural space?
Anterior and posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
Anterior and posterior Internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
Reccurrent meningeal/ sinu-vertebral/ sinus vertebral nerve
Hoffman/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
Ligamentum flavum
Posterior longitudinal ligament
50
Which of the contents of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
Recurrent meningeal/ sinu-vertebral/ sinus vertebral nerve
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Hoffman/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
51
which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located around the posterior longitudinal ligament?
anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
basivertebral vein
recurrent meningeal/ sinu-vertebral/ sinus vertebral nerve
Hoffman/anterior dural/meningiovertebral ligaments
52
which of the contents of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?
posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
ligamentum flavum
53
what is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space?
interstitial fluid
54
what is the name given to the fluid within the subdural space?
serous fluid
55
what is the name given to the fluid with the subarchnoid space?
cerebrospinal fluid
56
the anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
vertebral artery
57
the posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
58
what forms the arterial vasa corona above C3?
right and left anterior spinal arteries, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 4 communicating arteries
59
what forms the arterial vasa corona below C6?
a median anterior spinal artery, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 3 communicating arteries
60
which vessel will supply the ventral/anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root?
anterior radicular artery
61
which vessel will supply the dorsal/posterior nerve rootlets, nerve root, and nerve root ganglion?
posterior radicular artery
62
what arterial vasa corona branches supply gray matter and most of the spinal cord?
ventral/central/sulcal perforating arteries
63
what arterial vasa corona branches supply about one third of the spinal cord?
pial perforating
64
what is the primary artery supplementing the arterial vasa corona?
anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders
65
what vessels drain the spinal cord?
pial veins
66
which vessels form the venous vasa corona?
right and left anterior longitudinal veins, right and left posterior longitudinal veins, and 4 communicating veins
67
which vessels will drain the ventral/ anterior nerve roots?
anterior radicular veins
68
which vessels will drain the dorsal/posterior nerve root ganglion?
posterior radicular veins
69
what venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen?
intervertebral veins
70
what veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral vein
71
what is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullaris called?
filum terminale internum
72
what is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column?
typically S2, dural cul de sac
73
in horizontal view, what direction of the spinal cord tends to be largest?
transverse
74
what are the spinal cord enlargement locations and name given to each?
C3-T1, cervical enlargement
| T9-T-12, lumbar/lumbosacral enlargement
75
where is the greatest transverse diameter of the spinal cord?
C6
76
what is the generic cord level of origin-vertebra level combination for the lumbar/lumbosacral enlargement?
L1, L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra; L3, L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra; L5, S1 cord levels in T11 vertebra, S2, S3 cord levels in T12 vertebra
77
what is the caudal end of the spinal cord called?
conus medullaris
78
what spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris?
S4, S5 and Co1
79
In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed?
L1 vertebra
80
the last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on an angiogram?
cruciate anastomosis
81
what is the name given the nerve roots below L1?
cauda equina
82
what is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2?
filum terminale externum
83
what is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?
coccygeal medullary vestige
84
what is the name given to the condition where the conus medullaris is located below L1 and the filum terminale is thickened?
tethered cord syndrome
85
what is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen?
the spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple, the rib number related to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple
ex) T3/T4 vertebral couple would articulate with rib 4 and T3 nerve would exit the intervertebral foramen
86
what are the four tissues of the human body?
epithelial, muscle, neural, and connective tissues
87
what is the function of each type of bone cell?
osteoblast- form bone, osteoclast- remodel bone, osteocyte- maintain or nurture bone
88
what is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans
89
what types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?
chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfate, hyaluronic acid
90
what is the principal type of protein fiber found in bone?
collagen type 1
91
what is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
hydroxyapetite
92
what are the three responses of bone which allow it to be described as "living"?
ability to Heal, Remodel to stressors, and Age
93
what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
intramembranous ossification
94
what is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
from the second to third month in utero
95
what is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
endochondral ossification
96
what is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
from the second to the fifth month in utero
97
what bone of the axial skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the clavicle
98
what is the timing of appearance of a primary center of ossification?
before birth
99
what is the timing of the appearance of a secondary center of ossification?
after birth
100
what is the name of bone formed in a non bone location?
heterotopic bone
101
what is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
accessary bone
102
what are examples of short bones?
most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus
103
what are examples of flat bones?
the parietal bone and sternum
104
what are examples of pneumatic bones?
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid and temporal
105
what are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?
patella and pisiform
106
what are the types of osseous elevations?
linear, rounded, and sharp
107
what are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
tubercle, tuber or tuberosity, trochanter, protuberance and malleolus
108
what are the categories of osseous depressions?
linear or rounded depressions
109
what are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus
110
what are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
fovea and fossa
111
what are the names given to openings on the surface of bones?
ostium or orifice and hiatus
112
what are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?
foramen or canal
113
what are examples os osseous foramina?
the basivertebral venous foramen of vertebrae, the foramen oval of the sphenoid bone, and the jugular foramen of the temporal and occipital bones
114
what are the categories of osseous facets?
flat facets and rounded facets
115
what is the definition of a flat osseous facet?
a relatively planar or slightly curvilinear surface on bone for osseous articulation
116
what are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
articular heads and articular condyles
117
what is the definition of an osseous condyle?
a knuckle-shaped surface on bone for osseous articulation
118
how many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?
80 bones
119
what is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
cranium
120
what is the name given to the top of the adult skull?
calvaria or calva
121
which ribs are classified as typical ribs, true ribs, costa verae, and vertebrosternal ribs in the typical adult skeleton?
ribs 3-7
122
which ribs are classified as atypical ribs, true ribs, costae verae, and vertebrosternal ribs in typical adult skeleton?
ribs 1 and 2
123
which ribs are classified as typical ribs, false ribs, costa spuriae, and vertebrochondral ribs in a typical adult skeleton?
ribs 8 and 9
124
what ribs are classified as atypical ribs, false ribs, costa spuriae, and vertebral ribs in the typical adult skelton?
ribs 11 and 12
125
what is the term used to identify the study of joints?
arthrology
126
what term is used to identify the study of ligaments?
syndesmology
127
what are the three histological classification of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints
128
what are the three classifications of joints based on movement potential?
synarthosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
129
what is the classification of a joint with a "nail-like" condition?
gomphosis
130
what is the classification of a joint with a "fissure-like" condition?
schyndelysis
131
what is the classification of a joint held together with cartilage?
synchondrosis
132
what is the classification of a joint formed by a growth condition?
symphysis
133
what is the condition in which teeth are abnormally aligned during closure of the mouth?
malocclusion
134
what type of ossification pattern typically forms the true suture?
intramembranous ossification
135
what type of ossification pattern typically forms the false suture?
endochondral ossification
136
what is the synonym for amphiarthosis joints?
cartilage joints
137
what is the classification of primary cartilage joints?
(amphiarthosis) synchondrosis
138
what is the classification of a secondary cartilage joint?
(amphiarthosis) symphysis
139
what type of cartilage is characteristic of the (amphiarthosis) symphysis?
fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage
140
what type of cartilage is characteristic of secondary cartilage joint?
fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage
141
which example of an (amphiarthosis) symphysis is temporary?
symphysis menti
142
what are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
articular cartilage, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, articular or fibrous capsule
143
thickening of the fibrous capsule connective tissue will form?
capsular ligament
144
what generic accessory ligaments may accompany and support the capsular ligament?
intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments
145
what is the generic function of ligaments?
stimulate reflex contraction of muscles around the joint
146
what are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors?
located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint at "rest"
147
what are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?
they resemble Pacinian corpuscles, located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion
148
what are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?
resemble Golgi tendon organs, are present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion
149
type IVa articular receptors would be present in what locations?
fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels
150
type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?
accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligaments of the spine
151
what are the three classifications of synovial membrane?
articular, vaginal, and bursal synovial membranes
152
what are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?
synovial villi, articular fat pads or Haversian glands and synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
153
what is the location of a subcutaneous synovial bursa?
a bursa between integument and bone
154
what is the location of subtendinous synovial bursa?
bursa between a tendon or muscle and bone or cartilage
155
what are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?
phagocytic
156
what are the specific function of type B synovial cells?
secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
157
what are the primary constituents of articular cartilage?
water, cells, collagen type II fibers and proteogylcan gel
158
what is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
form a network for water retention
159
cartilage is able to change shape due to compression, a characteristic known as _________?
deformation
