dale says REVIEW

Question 1

RSF vs. LSF

Answer 1

RSF: caused by LSF

Question 1

cor pulmonale

Answer 1

RSF in the presence of hypertension (RSF secondary to pulmonary htn), will eventually lead to LSF

Question 2

renal hormones

Answer 2

erythropoietin (EPO): secreted by the kidneys to mature RBCs
renin: forms a part of the RASS system, secreted when the portal bp decreases

Question 3

RASS system

Answer 3

kidneys produce renin, and the liver produces angiotensengen… those two combine to form angiotensin 1, which combines with ACE from the lungs to angiotensin 2, which stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal cortex

Question 4

pituitary gland

Answer 4

primary director of the endocrine system, releases hormone-releasing hormones (the ones the pituitary releases tells other things what to release)

Question 5

pituitary hormones

Answer 5

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
growth hormone (GH)
prolactin (PRL)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
oxytocin
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 6

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 6

cortisol stimulation from the adrenal cortex

Question 7

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 7

stimulates sperm and estrogen production

Question 8

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 8

stimulates ovulation and testosterone production

Question 9

growth hormone (GH)

Answer 9

“it’s just growth, it is what it is” - mazzario

Question 10

prolactin (PRL)

Answer 10

milk production

Question 11

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 11

metabolism and energy by stimulating the thyroid to release T3 & T4

Question 12

oxytocin

Answer 12

primarily has to do with the progression of labor

Question 13

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 13

regulates water retention and balance, affecting bp and cellular hydration

Question 14

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 14

regulates involuntary bodily functions, like heart rate, breathing, digestion, pupil size, etc.
separated into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Question 15

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

“fight or flight,” increases body system activities
aka adrenergic system
neurotransmitter is norepinephrine

Question 16

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 16

“rest and digest,” maintains vegetative state and normal body activity
aka cholinergic system
neurotransmitter is acetylcholine

Question 17

endocrine system

Answer 17

regulates functions of the body and maintains homeostasis throughout the body through the release of hormones

Question 18

endocrine glands

Answer 18

release hormones directly into the bloodstream

Question 19

exocrine glands

Answer 19

release hormones via ducts
ie. sweat glands, salivary glands

Question 20

thyroid

Answer 20

controls metabolism through the release of T3 and T4
primary conditions: Hashimoto’s (a version of hypothyroidism), myxedema (another form of hypothyroidism), and Grave’s (hyperthyroidism)

Question 21

Hashimoto’s Disease

Answer 21

a version of hypothyroidism, autoimmune disease, most commonly found in women
characterized by weight gain, puffy face, dry hair, mood disorder

Question 22

Grave’s Disease

Answer 22

symptomatic hyperthyroidism
characterized by anxiety, fidgety, intolerance to heat, tachycardia, htn

Question 23

parathyroid

Answer 23

raises calcium levels through the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH), stimulated by chemoreceptors

Question 24

menstrual cycle

Answer 24

occurs during the years between puberty and menopause, prep for possible pregnancy, hormone-driven events and bodily changes occur over a period of around 28 days

Question 25

ovarian cycle

Answer 25

three stages: follicular - maturation of the ovarian follicle and secretion of estrogen ovulation - release of egg (every 28 days) luteal - formation of corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone

Question 26

first stage of labor

Answer 26

begins with the start of labor ends with dilatation of cervix

Question 27

second stage of labor

Answer 27

begins with dilatation of cervix ends with delivery of baby

Question 28

third stage of labor

Answer 28

begins with delivery of baby ends with delivery of placenta

Question 29

fourth stage of labor

Answer 29

begins with delivery of placenta ends with cessation of birthing process (basically when the baby and placenta are both out)

Question 30

frontal (coronal) plane

Answer 30

divides the body into anterior and posterior

Question 31

transverse plane

Answer 31

divides the body into superior and inferior

Question 32

sagittal plane

Answer 32

divides the body into L and R

Question 33

midsagittal plane

Answer 33

divides the body at the midline of the L or R side

Question 34

blood flow through the heart

Answer 34

in through the inferior and superior vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid -> right ventricle -> pulmonic valve -> pulmonic artery -> lungs -> pulmonic vein -> left atrium -> mitral (bicuspid) valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta da na! remember valves with Toilet Paper My A** (Tricuspid, Pulmonic, Mitral, Aortic)

Question 35

right coronary artery (RCA)

Answer 35

feeds the SA and AV node, right atrium, and right ventricle bifurcates into the posterior descending artery and RCA just past the SA/AV node

Question 36

left coronary artery (LCA)

Answer 36

feeds the whole f*cking left side of the heart bifurcates into the left anterior descending (LAD) and the circumflex

Question 37

left anterior descending (LAD)

Answer 37

feeds the septum and a portion of the left ventricle

Question 38

circumflex

Answer 38

feeds the left atrium and a portion of the left ventricle

Question 39

intrinsic rates of the heart

Answer 39

SA node: 60-100 AV node: 40-60 purkinje fibers: 20-40

Question 40

chronic emphysema

Answer 40

type of COPD "pink puffer" alveolar disease where the alveoli collapse and fail, chronically hypercarbic, develops polycythemia (more red blood cells) to compensate for hypoxia s/s include barrel chest, Kussmaul's signs and pulsus paradoxus

Question 41

chronic bronchitis

Answer 41

type of COPD "blue bloater" caused by high mucus production and destruction of goblet cells, number one cause is smoking s/s include JVD, peripheral edema, hypercarbia

Question 42

cholecystitis

Answer 42

inflammation of the gallbladder right upper quadrant pain (RUQ) happens after eating a fatty meal, person can become jaundice (a result of bile)

Question 43

Murphy's Sign

Answer 43

indicative of cholecystitis occurs one inch to the right of the xyphoid process

Question 44

diverticulitis

Answer 44

inflammation of the pouches of the large intestine (diverticulum) left lower quadrant pain (LLQ) fever, vomiting, diarrhea, are all indicative, can cause sepsis