Darley Philosophy and Abrahamic Religions

Question 1

What philosophical school of thought was founded by Aristippus and practiced by the Cyrenaics, centering on the belief that pleasure and suffering are the only components of well-being?

Answer 1

hedonism

Question 2

What 1513 treatise consists of 5 parts including “Of God”, “Of Nature and Its Origin”, and “Of the Servitude of Humanity”, written by Baruch Spinoza?

Answer 2

Ethics

Question 3

What is the name for the weekly day of rest commemorating God’s rest after six days of creation in Judaism?

Answer 3

Shabbat

Question 4

In the Bahá’í faith, what exact term is used to refer to individuals often called ‘prophets’ in other religions, specifically linked with the concept of progressive revelation?

Answer 4

Manifestations of God

Question 5

What branch of nihilism refers to the belief that life has no intrinsic value or meaning?

Answer 5

existential nihilism

Question 6

What branch of Christianity was criticized for its abusive nature in the Russian Nihilist movement of the 1860s?

Answer 6

Eastern Orthodox (Church)

Question 7

Which French nobleman’s philosophies have been called a precursor to nihilism, but is more famous for his views on sexuality?

Answer 7

Donatien François, Marquis de Sade

Question 8

What Abrahamic religion was founded in Jamaica in the 1930s, with groups divided into “mansions”?

Answer 8

Rastafarianism

Question 9

By what name do practitioners of Rastafarianism refer to God, which is also the proper name of God in the Hebrew Bible?

Answer 9

Jah (or Yah)

Question 10

Who was known as “The Gong” and “The First Rasta” for his role in founding the Rastafarian religion and their first village at Sligoville, St. Catherine, in Jamaica?

Answer 10

Leonard Howell

Question 11

Which 20th century Emperor of Ethiopia is regarded as a Second Coming of Christ in the Rastafarian religion?

Answer 11

Haile Selassie I

Question 12

In respective order to their description in this question, list the cities home to two philosophers named Zeno: the first philosopher is known for his complex paradoxes and the second founded the Stoic school.

Answer 12

Elea and Citium

Question 13

What term, meaning “from the earlier”, refers to knowledge one can gain without relying on previous experience?

Answer 13

a priori

Question 14

In what 1781 work did Kant first explore the limits of metaphysics, comparing a priori and a posteriori knowledge as well as analytic and synthetic judgements?

Answer 14

Critique of Pure Reason

Question 15

What events did Kant theorize could be eliminated with several necessary conditions, including a world of constitutional democratic republics?

Answer 15

wars

Question 16

What two thought traditions is Kant regarded as having combined, one stating that knowledge comes only from primary experience, and the other stating that reason is the primary source of knowledge?

Answer 16

empiricism and rationalism

Question 17

This man from Miletus was one of the first to reject any mythological origins for the universe, instead hypothesizing that all matter was derived from water. He is widely first regarded as being the ‘first philosopher’.

Answer 17

Thales

Question 18

Along with his teacher, Antisthenes, this philosopher helped found the cynic school of philosophy. He is also noted for having slept in a large ceramic jar in Corinth.

Answer 18

Diogenes

Question 19

This first moral philosopher made great contributions to early ethics, but all that is known about him is from the writings of Xenophon and another student who wrote The Apology.

Answer 19

Socrates

Question 20

Living during the Spring and Autumn period, this man emphasized the importance of individual and governmental morality. His namesake Chinese school of philosophy is also known as Ruism.

Answer 20

Confucius

Question 21

This man founded a school of philosophy named after him, which faded as Stoicism gained popularity. He preached against Platonism at his school, called ‘the Garden’, in Athens.

Answer 21

Epicurus

Question 22

A semi-legendary figure, I may have lived during the Warring States period. I allegedly wrote Tao Te Ching and am credited as founding philosophical Taoism.

Answer 22

Lao Tzu (also accept Laozi or Lao-Tze)

Question 23

This polymath and philosopher studied at The Academy in Athens, and later tutored Alexander the Great. He also wrote Rhetoric and described the nature of tragedy in his Poetics.

Answer 23

Aristotle

Question 24

The teacher of Aristotle, this man is known for his ‘Dialogues’ and his description of Socrates’s downfall. He wrote The Republic, containing the Allegory of the Cave.

Answer 24

Plato

Question 25

What Festival of Lights is an eight-day holiday that starts on the 25th day of the month of Kislev?

Answer 25

Hanukkah

Question 26

Which philosopher’s only book published during his lifetime investigated the relationship between language and reality as well as the limits of science? That book is Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.

Answer 26

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Question 27

In order, what are the first three books of the Torah? Hebrew or English names are acceptable.

Answer 27

Bereshit (Book of Genesis), Shemot (Book of Exodus), Vayikra (Book of Leviticus)

Question 28

"L’Ami du peuple" was a political newspaper that advocated strongly against the aristocracy in the French Revolution. Who painted a famous image of the paper’s creator dead in his bathtub?

Answer 28

Jacques-Louis David

Question 29

What Christian denomination was created after Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII?

Answer 29

Anglican (or Church of England)

Question 30

Which philosopher contributed to the Continental tradition and was temporarily banned from university teaching due to his public support of Nazism?

Answer 30

Martin Heidegger

Question 31

Who wrote Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men in 1754?

Answer 31

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 32

What body of religious laws is derived from the written and Oral Torah, but is considered ‘less binding’ in everyday life due to room for rabbinic interpretation?

Answer 32

halakha | also accept halacha, halakhah, halachah, or halocho

Question 33

What 1st Viscount St. Alban was a philosopher and statesman argued for scientific knowledge based only on inductive reasoning, as well as serving as Lord Chancellor and Attorney General?

Answer 33

Francis Bacon

Question 34

Which philosopher defended divine miracles with a principle that states ‘Entities should not be multiplied without necessity’: his namesake “razor”?

Answer 34

William of Ockham (or Occam)

Question 35

What family of philosophical theories was developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, believing in providing the ‘greatest good for the greatest number’?

Answer 35

utilitarianism

Question 36

Which author of the 1798 work Memoir was one of the first feminist philosophers, best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman?

Answer 36

Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 37

What theory argues that individuals surrender certain freedoms in exchange for protection of social order and their remaining rights, originating during the Age of Enlightenment?

Answer 37

social contract theory

Question 38

What ‘Father of Liberalism’ proposed that the mind was a tabula rasa at birth?

Answer 38

John Locke

Question 39

What Nobel laureate wrote "Principia Mathematica" on the logical foundations of mathematics, "Why Men Fight" during the First World War, and "Why I Am Not a Christian" in 1927?

Answer 39

Bertrand Russell

Question 40

Which philosopher is known for his critiques of Hobbes’s egosim and Locke’s theory of personal identity, as well as being Bishop of Bristol and apocryphally declining the position of Archbishop of Canterbury?

Answer 40

Joseph Butler

Question 41

In my doctoral thesis, written under Frederik Sibbern, I argued that Plato and Xenophon interpret Socrates too literally, with only Aristophanes understanding his irony. In my magnum opus, I state that “Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards,” exemplifying the philosophical tradition with which I am most closely associated. Some of my other famous works include "Fear and Trembling" and"The Sickness Unto Death," both of which were written under some of my many pseudonyms. I was a Danish philosopher who is credited with founding existentialism. Who am I?

Answer 41

Søren Kierkegaard

Question 42

What 1971 work on political and ethical philosophy by John Rawls addresses problems in distributing good within society?

Answer 42

A Theory of Justice

Question 43

What hypothetical method of reaching fair decisions proposed by John Rawls involves isolating decision-makers from their positions within society?

Answer 43

veil of ignorance

Question 44

In any order, name the three disciples after which the synoptic Gospels are named.

Answer 44

Matthew, Mark, and Luke

Question 45

Name both the apostle who betrayed Jesus, leading to his crucifixion, and the apostle who replaced the former as one of the twelve apostles.

Answer 45

Judas Iscariot and Matthias

Question 46

Which apostle is generally held to be the first Bishop of Rome and the first Pope?

Answer 46

Peter

Question 47

What Second Pillar of Islam calls for specific prayers to be made at 5 times throughout the day?

Answer 47

salat

Question 48

What is the exact term for someone undertaking the responsibility described in the Fifth pillar, namely making the pilgrimage to Mecca?

Answer 48

haji

Question 49

What ten practices must Shia Muslims carry out? Many are important to other Muslim groups, though not all are considered “Pillars” by other sects.

Answer 49

Ancillaries of the Faith

Question 50

Spell the last name of the philosopher who used the Apollonian/Dionysian dichotomy to evaluate himself in "Ecce Homo."

Answer 50

Friedrich Nietzsche (N-I-E-T-Z-S-C-H-E)

Question 51

Which philosopher’s doctrine of separating oneself from will in order to reduce suffering was called ‘passive nihilism’ by Nietzsche?

Answer 51

Arthur Schopenhauer

Question 52

What French influence of Nietzsche exemplified his wit and sarcasm with his aphorism, “If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him”?

Answer 52

François-Marie Arouet (or Voltaire)

Question 53

What earlier Prussian idealist philosopher influenced Nietzsche despite having strongly opposing views and wrote Science of Logic and Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences?

Answer 53

Georg Hegel

Question 54

What author analyzed women’s oppression and influenced feminist philosophy with the novels, "She Came to Stay" and "The Mandarins?"

Answer 54

Simone de Beauvoir

Question 55

What journal, named after a Charlie Chaplin film, was founded by de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre, in which some chapters of "The Second Sex" were first published?

Answer 55

Les Temps Modernes (also accept Modern Times)

Question 56

In what year did Les Temps Modernes cease publication, after 74 years of printing?

Answer 56

2019

Question 57

What book had its 200th anniversary of publication in 2019, Arthur Schopenhauer’s most famous work?

Answer 57

The World as Will and Representation

Question 58

What metaphysical belief states that determinism can and does coexist with free will?

Answer 58

compatibilism

Question 59

Which compatibilist philosopher also advocated for naturalism, skepticism, and empiricism in his "A Treatise of Human Nature?"

Answer 59

David Hume

Question 60

What type of music was advocated against primarily by philosophers Nietzsche and Hegel, as well as programmatic composer Richard Wagner?

Answer 60

absolute music

Question 61

Who wrote the unfinished 1265-1274 work "Summa Theologica?"

Answer 61

Thomas Aquinas

Question 62

What work of political philosophy was signed by 56 delegates at the Second Continental Congress and written by a group of men led by Thomas Jefferson?

Answer 62

Declaration of Independence

Question 63

Which philosopher demonstrated ‘the existence of God and the immortality of the soul’ in his 1641 "Meditations on First Philosophy?"

Answer 63

René Descartes

Question 64

What branch of Islam believes that Muhammad clearly designated Ali ibn Ali Talib as his successor, and can further be separated into Twelvers and Ismailis?

Answer 64

Shia (also accept Shi’ite)

Question 65

What term describes a broad group of Muslim sects that originally supported the caliphate of Ali but later fought against him, the main extant subsect of which is the Ibadi movement?

Answer 65

Kharijite (also accept Khawarij or ash-Shurah)

Question 66

In the Sunni tradition, who was elected as the first caliph following the passing of Muhammad?

Answer 66

Abu Bakr (Abdullah ibn Uthman)

Question 67

Which 20th-century French philosopher was the first public figure in France to die from HIV/AIDS, leading to the founding of the AIDES charity by his partner, Daniel Defert?

Answer 67

(Paul-)Michel Foucault

Question 68

Foucault’s 1975 "Discipline and Punish" focused on the rise of what institutions, through both humanitarian and social change lenses?

Answer 68

prisons

Question 69

At what experimental university did Foucault head the philosophy department from 1970, only one year after its founding?

Answer 69

University of Paris VIII (also accept University of Vincennes in Saint-Denis and French translation)

Question 70

What 1976 book by Foucault explored the concept of power in relation to the title subject?

Answer 70

The History of Sexuality: The Will to Knowledge (also accept Histoire de la sexualité: la volonté de savoir)

Question 71

What movement, featuring writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, emphasized a deep return to nature?

Answer 71

transcendentalism

Question 72

What philosopher’s deep unpopularity during his life led to his founding of pragmatism being widely associated with another man?

Answer 72

Charles Pierce

Question 73

William James, the most widely recognized classical pragmatist, was also the first educator in the USA to offer a course in what field?

Answer 73

psychology

Question 74

What Associate Justice of the Supreme Court had his philosophical views shaped by the Civil War and was the foremost figure who brought legal realism and his prediction theory of law to the Supreme Court?

Answer 74

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Question 75

Hannah Arendt asserted that a mainstay of one example of me was that my members did not “recognize ordinary moral standards.” On analysing the same historic example, John Maynard Keynes wrote that “the youth had no religion save [me] and this was worse than nothing.” Although ideologies and views within me are highly varied, they all share central values including common ownership. I was redefined and popularized by two German philosophers in 1848, and Canadian MP Fred Rose belonged to a party with this ideology before being convicted of spying for the Soviet Union. What am I?

Answer 75

communism

Question 76

What 1859 work by John Stuart Mill applies the utilitarian system to society, including the balance between authority and the title concept?

Answer 76

On Liberty

Question 77

What highest ecclesiastical censure in the Jewish community was issued against Baruch Spinoza in 1656?

Answer 77

herem

Question 78

With what political movement is Emma Goldman most associated, exemplified in both "My Disillusionment in Russia" and "My Further Disillusionment in Russia?"

Answer 78

anarchism

Question 79

What Stoic philosopher was called simply “the philosopher” by contemporary biographers and wrote "Meditations?"

Answer 79

Marcus Aurelius

Question 80

What doctrine, held by Jehovah’s Witnesses, Oneness Pentacostals, and Unitarian Christians rejects the notion that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are three separate entities?

Answer 80

nontrinitarianism

Question 81

What posthumously-published set of Wittgenstein’s lectures cover a wide range of topics, including language-games and possible differences between understanding and explaining?

Answer 81

Blue and Brown Books

Question 82

What treatise is one of the earliest examples of social contract theory, published in 1651 by Thomas Hobbes?

Answer 82

Leviathan (or The Matter, Forme, and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil)

Question 83

To what primarily Iberian branch of Judaism did Baruch Spinoza belng?

Answer 83

Sephardic (also accept Sephardi)

Question 84

What work by René Descartes lays out his views on scientific and philosophical systems and contained his most famous quotation, “I think, therefore I am”?

Answer 84

Discourse on the Method (also accept full title or Discours de la méthode)

Question 85

Who has been a leading figure in anti-Capitalist and anti-Imperialist movements for the past several decades, and also wrote Syntactic Structures in 1957?

Answer 85

Noam Chomsky

Question 86

What anti-semitic former-priest translated the bible into German and may have nailed a list of 95 complaints about indulgences on a church door in Wittenberg?

Answer 86

Martin Luther

Question 87

What work by Karl Marx remains the most cited book in social sciences published before 1950?

Answer 87

Das Kapital

Question 88

What former Archbishop of Canterbury was canonized and proclaimed a Doctor of the Church after his death, and is the originator of the ontological argument for the existence of God?

Answer 88

Saint Anselm of Canterbury