Darwinian evolution

Question 1

Natural selection

Answer 1

Organisms best suited for their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits to future generations

Question 1

Charles Darwin

Answer 1

Famous scientist who traveled on the HMS beagle and made the theory of evolution by using natural selection as a mechanism

Question 2

Origin of species

Answer 2

Charles Darwin published the origins of species to describe the divergence of species from a common ancestor
- book laid the foundation for evolutionary biology

Question 3

Malthus

Answer 3

An economist that published “on populations” and believed that the human population groans rapidly but limited resources and. Illness keeps it in check

Question 4

Darwin learnt from Malthus that….

Answer 4

Darwin knew that populations could grow faster than their resources which led to overpopulation
- Darwin called this the struggle for excistence because populations are maintain due to organisms struggle to acquire their needs

Question 5

Lyell

Answer 5

A geologist along with James Hutton that proposed the idea of uniformitarism (earth was much older than realized)

Question 6

Uniformariamism

Answer 6

Earth was much older than realized

Question 7

Darwin learnt from lyell

Answer 7

Assumed like Lyell, that earth was very old because a long time was needed to pass inorder for evolution to occur

Question 8

James batiste Lamarck

Answer 8

A French biologist who proposed his theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics to provide an awnser to how evolution works
- stated that all living things have an innate drive for prefection

Question 9

Theory of inheritance of acquired charcteristics

Answer 9

Stated that bodies of organisms are modified through the use and disuse of a trait and these modifications are inherited by offspring

Question 10

Darwin learnt form Lamarck

Answer 10

Assumed like Lamarck that species can change over time
Due to evidence found in fossils

Question 11

Lamarck v/s Darwin (giraffe)

Answer 11

Lamarck: giraffes stretch their necks as they keep reaching for higher foods in taller trees and over time their necks begin to elongate and when they reproduce their offspring Will inherit a longer neck

Darwin: if the giraffes enviorment changed and the leaves became scarce, it led to a struggle for excistence because longer neck giraffes had an advantage since they could reach leaves that over giraffes couldn’t. As a result longe neck giraffes were most likely to survive and reproduce passing those advantages traits to their offspring and as a reuslt each generation contained more longer neck giraffes until all giraffes had longer necks

Question 12

Fitness

Answer 12

An organisms ability to survive and reproduce fertile offspring

Question 13

Darwin v/s Wallace

Answer 13

• Both coined the same idea of evolution
• worked together/ published origins of species
• coined theory of descent with modification (each generation is different from the others)

Question 14

Darwin’s observations

Answer 14

1. Population can have the potential to grow rapidly (overpopulate)
2. Population tend to stay relatively stable in size
3. Population are stable due to limited resources in their enivorment
4. There is variation among organisms in a population
5. Indivisuals with advantages variations have a better chance of surviving than those with the less advantages

Question 15

Mutations and phenotypes

Answer 15

New mutations provide new phenotypes and leads to evolution

Question 16

Evidence for evolution

Answer 16

Direct observations, comparative homology, fossil record, and biogeography

Question 17

Direct observation

Answer 17

Study species in real time to see how they change over time
Ex: drug resistant bacteria

Question 18

Comparative homology

Answer 18

Study of similarities and differences in the structure of different species
- includes homologous and analogous structures

Question 19

Homolgous structures

Answer 19

Structures that are similar in related organisms because they were inherited from a common ancestor
- different functions but similar internal structures
- EX of divergent evolution (common ancestor)
Ex: they all have the same basic pattern of bones because they inherited this pattern from a common ancestor

Question 20

Analogous structures

Answer 20

Structures that are similar in unrelated organisms
- similar functions but different internal structures
EX: the wings of bats and insects because they both fly but the bone structure is differnt
- ex of convergent evolution (different ancestory)

Question 21

Comparative embryology

Answer 21

Study of the similarities and differences in the embryoys of different species
- similarities= share a common ancestor
- similarities between embryoys may be gone by adulthood

Question 22

Vestigial structures

Answer 22

Structures that are no longer used and serve no function
Ex: human tailbone, wisdom teeth, appendix, and whale pelvis
- evolution reduced the size of vestigial structure because they are no longer used

Question 23

Evolutionary trees

Answer 23

Provides a hypotheses about the relationships among different groups

Question 24

Convergent evolution

Answer 24

Doesn’t provide information about ancestry

Question 25

Molecular analysis

Answer 25

Steps to show relatedness among organisms
- all cells have dna, rna, use atp, chromosomes, and 20 amino acids

Question 26

The fossil record

Answer 26

Record of life that unfolded over 4 billion years ago and was pieced back together through he analysis of fossils

Question 27

Fossils

Answer 27

Preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past
- evidence of evolution because they show how a species lived in the past

Question 28

Transitional forms

Answer 28

Suggest new species evolved form and replaces previous species

Question 29

Paleontologists

Answer 29

Scientists that study fossils

Question 30

Biogeography

Answer 30

The study of how and why plants and animals live where they do
- a species spreads apart and lives in different places around the world

Question 31

Adaptive radiation

Answer 31

Process by which a single species evolves into many new species to fill available niches