Data Analysis Flashcards by Reuben Ornelas

The actual datum that is recorded is called

1) fields.
2) variables.
3) observations.
4) All of the above.

ALL ABOVE

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Choice of appropriate sampling method is always obvious and cannot involve a mixture of methods.

True
False

False

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In preparing for survey research, which of the following should be considered first?

1) Formulate the aims of the study.
2) Decide what analysis is required to satisfy the aims of the study.
3) Collect the data required by the survey.
4) Decide what data are required to facilitate the analysis.

Formulate the aims of the study.

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The students in this class represent which of the following in relation to the student body of MSU?

1) sample
2) population

sample

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Simple random sampling can be used based on this section of the 4123 class roster.

True
False

true

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I have 50 names in a hat. I draw 10 names one at a time and replace the name before drawing each time. What type of sampling is this?

1) systematic sampling
2) stratifed sampling
3) simple random sampling
4) cluster sampling

simple random sample

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Statistical literacy is necessary for health care workers if they are to read and evaluate reports and other literature critcally and intelligently.

True
False

true

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Statistics will do all of the following except:

1) describe data.
2) prove relationship.
3) design experiments.
4) test hypotheses.

prove relationship

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The statement, “Forty percent of the class is male and 60% is female” is what category of statistic?

1) descriptive
2) inferential

descriptive

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Without initial thought being given to the aims of the survey, the information or data may not be appropriate.

True
False

true

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The order in which a group of horses finish a race represents what level of data?

1) interval
2) ordinal
3) ratio
4) nominal

ORDINAL

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The commonly accepted level of precision is to have how many steps between the largest and smallest observation?

1) 30 and 300
2) 20 and 200
3) 40 and 400
4) 10 and 100

30 AND 300

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Which of the following is considered the lowest level of data?

1) interval
2) nominal
3) ordinal
4) ratio

NOMINAL

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A researcher is recording the number of respiration per minute for her project. These observations would be considered what level of data?

1) interval
2) nominal
3) ordinal
4) ratio

RATIO

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If the number of categories in a pie graph is large, it may be difficult to interpret; thus, one might consider using a bar graph to display the results.

True
False

TRUE

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The number of apples to the number of oranges in a basket is considered what type of derived variable?

1) proportion
2) rate
3) percentage
4) ratio

RATIO

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Breaths per minute is considered what type of derived variable?

1) proportion
2) ratio
3) rate
4) percentage

RATE

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A histogram is useful for presenting distributions of observations of continuous variables.

True
False

TRUE

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Values of continuous variables are usually measurements.

True
False

TRUE

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Values of continuous variables are usually measurements.

True
False

TRUE

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The following frequency distribution table lists the heights of 49 pre-teens. What is the standard deviation of this distribution? Round to the nearest hundredth.

Height Class; Mark; Frequency
50-52; 51; 5
53-55; 54 ;8
56-58; 57; 12
59-61; 60; 13
62-64; 63; 11

3.85

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The following represents scores obtained on a self-esteem inventory. Calculate the standard deviation for this distribution of scores. Round to the nearest hundredth.

31, 41, 45, 48, 52, 55, 56, 56, 63, 65, 65, 67, 67, 70, 70, 74, 75, 78, 79, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 85, 87, 90, 92, 95, 99

16.89

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The mode is the only measure of the average that can be used on ordinal scales.

true

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The following represents scores obtained on a self-esteem inventory. What is the variance for this distribution of scores? Round to the nearest hundredth.

31, 41, 45, 48, 52, 55, 56, 56, 63, 65, 65, 67, 67, 70, 70

134.92

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What is the median score of the following distribution representing the systolic blood pressures of 20 patients? Round to the nearest tenth. 130, 125, 120, 110, 115, 115, 140, 145, 125, 124, 98, 105, 115, 108, 119, 120, 136, 132, 130, 121

120.5

The following represents scores obtained on a self-esteem inventory. What is the width of range for this distribution of scores? 31, 41, 45, 48, 52, 55, 56, 56, 63, 65, 65, 67, 67, 70, 70, 74, 75, 78, 79, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 85, 87, 90, 92, 95, 99

The following frequency distribution table lists the heights of 49 pre-teens. What is the mean of this distribution? Round to the nearest hundredth. ``` Height Class; Mark; Frequency 50-52; 51; 5 53-55; 54 ;8 56-58; 57; 12 59-61; 60 ;13 62-64 63 11 ```

58.04

What is the mode score of the following distribution representing the systolic blood pressures of 20 patients? 130, 125, 120, 110, 115, 115, 140, 145, 125, 124, 98, 105, 115, 108, 119, 120, 136, 132, 130, 121

115

A researcher administers a questionnaire to determine patient's knowledge after pre-operative education. The researcher also gives a group of people who did not receive the education the same questionnaire. The standard deviation of the first group is 12.78 and the standard deviation of the second group is 10.39. Which group had the most consistent scores? Type 'first group' or 'second group' as your answer without the quotes.

Second

The following represents scores obtained on a self-esteem inventory. What is the range for this distribution of scores? 31, 41, 45, 48, 52, 55, 56, 56, 63, 65, 65, 67, 67, 70, 70, 74, 75, 78, 79, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 85, 87, 90, 92, 95, 99

31 to 99

If there are 100 participants in a study, what is the probability of selecting one with a T score of 70? 1) 1/100 2) 21/25 3) 1/50 4) 1/10

1/50

The mean score of a test is 60 and the standard deviation is 5. John's score is a 70. What is his z score? 1) -1 2) 0 3) +2 4) +1

Jennifer has a T-score of 30. What is her z score? 1) -2 2) 0 3) -1 4) +3

-2

The mean score of a test is 60 and the standard deviation is 5. John's score is a 70. What is his T score? 1) 60 2) 70 3) 50 4) 40

The ratio of favorable to total outcomes is known as: probability odds

probability

When a curve is pulled upward by extreme high scores, it is said to be: 1) negatively skewed 2) positively skewed

positively skewed

In a barrel, there are 10 orange balls, 7 red balls, 5 yellow balls, and 2 black balls. If a single ball is chosen at random, what are the odds that a black ball will be chosen? 1) 5/12 2) 1/12 3) 5/24 4) 7/24

1/12

In a barrel, there are 10 orange balls, 7 red balls, 5 yellow balls, and 2 black balls. If a single ball is chosen at random, what is the probability that an orange ball will be chosen? 1) 7/24 2) 5/12 3) 1/12 4) 5/24

5/12

When we state in our hypothesis that their will be "no statistically significant difference", which tail would cause us to reject the hypothesis? 1) right tail 2) left tail 3) either tail 4) neither tail

either

If the critical p < 0.01, which obtained p value is statistically significant? 1) 0.001 2) 0.50 3) 0.04 4) 0.2

0.2

The procedure for deciding if the outcome of a particular event is significant is called: standard error of the difference confidence interval standard error of the mean statistical test

STATISTICAL

How can a researcher reduce the likelihood of committing Type I errors? 1) randomize 2) reduce sample size 3) always use null hypotheses 4) use several statistical tests

RANDOMIZE

If we have a population of 50,000 people, which sample size would give us the greatest confidence in the experimental results? 1) 5000 2) 1000 3) 50 4) 100

5000

Parametric tests require data to be normally distributed and to have homogeneous variances. True False

false

If we used this statistics course for a study and included every member as a population of the course, we would still have a sampling error. 1) True 2) False

true

Which type of test compare medians rather than means and variances? non-parametric parametric

non parametric

If we randomly drew 10 samples from the same population, calculated the mean of each, then calculated the mean of those sample means, it would equal the population mean. 1) True 2) False

true

In the following null hypothesis, what element is missing? There will be no statistically significant difference in knowledge of statistics when comparing health sciences majors and art majors. 1) what is being compared 2) test instrument being used 3) groups being compared

WHAT IS BEING COMPARE

Which type of error is the more serious to commit? 1) Type I 2) Type II

1. TYPE 1

Which confidence interval will require the largest sample size to support the estimate of accuracy? 1) 99% 2) 90% 3) 95% 4) 86%

99 %

Chi-square tests are typically used for what level of data? 1) ordinal 2) nominal 3) ratio 4) interval

NOMINAL

Which of the following Pearson results indicates a direct relationship between the variables (as one goes up so does the other)? 1) -0.80 2) -0.20 3) 0.90 4) 0.00

0.90

Using Appendix 3 (p. 189) of your text, determine if the following is statistically significant. A goodness of fit test is being performed with 10 categories. The calculated X2 = 17.00 at the 95% confidence interval. 1) yes 2) no

yes

If a researcher is looking for a correlation between math anxiety (as measured by the MARS assessment inventory) and physics test scores when comparing students who have passed college algebra and those who have not, which test should be used? 1) Spearman's correlation 2) Goodness of fit test 3) Chi-square contingency test 4) Pearson's correlation

PEARSON'S CORRELATION

What is the coefficient of determination for the following result (r=0.80)? 1) 0.20 2) 1.60 3) 0.80 4) 0.64

0.64

In the following null hypothesis, which element is missing? There will be no statistically significant correlation in math anxiety as measured by the MARS assessment inventory and physics scores. 1) scores being compared 2) groups being compared 3) instrument being used 4) None of the above

GROUPS BEING COMPARED

Correlations are only measured on ordinal scales. True False

false

Using Appendix 3 (p. 189) of your text, determine if the following result is statistically significant at the 99% confidence interval: X2 (14) = 22.50 (note: p value is intentionally left off so as not to give the answer). 1) yes 2) no

Which of the following Pearson results indicates the strongest correlation? 1) -0.60 2) 0.00 3) 0.20 4) -0.10

-0.60

Positive correlations are also referred to as direct correlations. True False

True

ANOVA assumes that all observations are obtained randomly and are normally distributed. True False

TRUE

When comparing means, if there are more than 30 observations in each sample, it is necessary to use the z-test. True False

TRUE

Using Appendix 2 (p. 188) of your text, determine if the following is statistically significant. A two-tailed t-test is being performed with 28 participants. The calculated t=1.85 at the 95% confidence interval. 1) yes 2) no

In the following result, what is the obtained t value? t(26) = 2.22, p < 0.05 1) 26 2) 2.22 3) .05 4) must be found on a table

2.22

In one-way ANOVA, sample sizes do not have to be equal. True False

TRUE

In the following result, what are the degrees of freedom? t(40) = 2.704, p < 0.01 1) 40 2) 2.704 3) .01

Which test is appropriate for difference in class rank between fathers and sons? 1) Kolmogorov-Smirnov test 2) t-test 3) Mann-Whitney U test

Kolmogorov-Smirnov test

In the following result, how many participants were in the study? t(26) = 2.22, p < 0.05 1) 26 2) 27 3) 28 4) cannot be determined

Using Appendix 2 (p. 188) of your text, determine if the following is statistically significant at the 99% confidence interval for a two-tailed test: t(16) = 3.0 (note: p value is intentionally left off so as not to give the answer). 1) no 2) yes

YES

Using Appendix 2 (p. 188) of your text, determine if the following is statistically significant. A two-tailed t-test is being performed with 28 related participants. The calculated t=2.10 at the 95% confidence interval. 1) yes 2) no

YES

Which of the following is the most essential feature of a clinical trial? 1) large sample 2) at least 5 groups 3) randomization of subjects 4) a long trial period

randomization of subjects

The ratio of the incidence rates among exposed to unexposed individuals in a population is 1) prevelance 2) incidence 3) relative risk 4) experimental event rate

relative risk

Which common clinical trial design uses a base-line monitoring stage before randomly allocating patients to one of the treatment groups? 1) sequential study 2) group comparative study 3) cross-over study

group comparative study

When addressing repeatability, one should ask: Do the results agree with those from other studies? True False

TRUE

The odds of an event occurring is 1) relative risk reduction 2) number needed to treat 3) incidence 4) odds ratio

odds ratio

In which common clinical trial design do all patients in the study receive all treatments in the investigation? 1) cross-over study 2) group comparative study 3) sequential study

cross-over study

The proportion of the population that has a disease at a specific point in time is 1) prevelance 2) incidence 3) relative risk 4) experimental event rate

prevelance

How often a particular event occurs within an experimental group is known as 1) NNT 2) CER 3) ARR 4) EER

EER

A disadvantage to a cohort study is the need for a large sample size to study rare diseases. True False

TRUE

Data Analysis Flashcards

(79 cards)