Data Collection & Health Outcomes

Question 1

What is meant by a health outcome?

What are some examples?

Answer 1

The impact that healthcare activities have on people

e.g. course of symptoms, whether someone lives or dies, cost of care, satisfaction with treatment

Question 2

What are the 3 types of health outcomes?

Answer 2

1. record-based outcomes
2. biological/clinical outcomes
3. clinician/ patient-reported outcomes (PROs)

Question 3

What are 2 examples of record-based outcomes?

Answer 3

1. mortality

2. disease incidence

Question 4

What are 3 examples of biological/clinical outcomes?

Answer 4

1. lab results
2. BMI
3. blood pressure

Question 5

What are 2 examples of clinician/patient-reported outcomes?

Answer 5

1. symptom scores

2. health-related quality of life

Question 6

What is meant by objective health outcomes?

What are examples?

Answer 6

Something that has a definite figure/outcome

e.g. mortality, BMI, blood pressure

Question 7

What is meant by subjective health outcomes?

What are examples?

Answer 7

Something that does NOT have a definite/numerical outcome

e.g. pain, mental health, fatigue

Question 8

What is meant by ‘malingering’?

Answer 8

pretending to be ill in order to escape duty or work

Question 9

What are the 5 stages of the cognitive functioning cycle?

Answer 9

1. motivation
2. medication
3. distraction
4. tired
5. malingering

Question 10

What is meant by validity?

Answer 10

Does the outcome measure what it is supposed to measure?

Question 11

What are the 3 types of validity?

Answer 11

1. construct validity
2. content validity
3. face validity

Question 12

What are the 2 types of construct validity?

Answer 12

1. convergent

2. discriminant

Question 13

What is meant by convergent validity?

Answer 13

the degree to which 2 measures of constructs that theoretically should be related are related

Question 14

What is meant by discriminant validity?

Answer 14

a way of testing whether concepts that are not supposed to be related are actually unrelated

Question 15

What is meant by construct validity?

Answer 15

the degree to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring

Question 16

What is meant by content validity?

Answer 16

the extent to which an outcome represents all facets of a given construct

e.g. depression outcome should include both affective and behavioural symptoms

Question 17

What is meant by face validity?

Answer 17

the outcome appears to measure what it should measure

e.g. using BMI/weight/clothes size to measure obesity

Question 18

What is meant by reliability?

Answer 18

The consistency of the measurement

Question 19

what are the 2 different types of reliability?

Answer 19

1. test-retest reliability

2. inter-rater reliability

Question 20

What is meant by test-retest reliability?

Answer 20

Are measurements consistent over time, if nothing has changed?

Question 21

What is meant by inter-rater reliability?

Answer 21

Do different assessors give the same result?

Question 22

What are examples of simple things to measure using test-retest reliability?

Answer 22

1. mortality

2. disease incidence

Question 23

What are examples of complex things that test-retest reliability can measure?

Answer 23

1. coginition
2. pain
3. mental health
4. fatigue

Question 24

What are examples of middle-level complex things that test-retest reliability can be used for?

Answer 24

1. BMI

2. blood pressure

Question 25

How can complex ideas, such as pain and fatigue, be measured using test-retest reliability?

Answer 25

Using numerical scales e.g. faces pain scale or pain thermometer

Question 26

What is meant by responsiveness?

Answer 26

The outcome should be able to detect real changes when they occur

Question 27

What is the data collection goal of a clinician?

Answer 27

to collect, organise and analyse data from INDIVIDUALS to form predictions and recommendations

Question 28

What is the data collection goal of an epidemiologist?

Answer 28

to collect, organise and analyse data from POPULATIONS to form predictions and recommendations

Question 29

What are clinical trials often used for?

Answer 29

to see whether a new treatment works or not

Question 30

How can health outcomes be used to promote equality?

Answer 30

They can be used to identify national and international variation

Question 31

How can health outcomes be used to benefit the NHS?

Answer 31

they can be used to identify which trusts/regions are more effective quality improvement can then be promoted at a local level

Question 32

What is meant by continuous data?

Answer 32

quantitative data that has an infinite number of possible values within a selected range e.g. blood pressure

Question 33

What is meant by discrete data?

Answer 33

quantitative data that can only take a certain number of values e.g. age in years, number of participants

Question 34

What is meant by nominal data?

Answer 34

qualitative data that cannot be ordered or measured e.g. gender, marital status

Question 35

What is meant by ordinal data?

Answer 35

data that can be ordered/ranked and the distance between the categories is not known