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Prescribing safety exam > Data interpretation > Flashcards

Data interpretation Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Data Interpretation section of the PSA test your ability to do?

A

Interpret blood results and identify abnormalities, assess imaging findings relevant to prescribing, identify drug-induced changes in blood tests or ECGs, use lab values to adjust medications appropriately.

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2
Q

What is the normal range for Sodium (Na⁺)?

A

135–145 mmol/L

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3
Q

Which drugs can cause Hyponatraemia?

A
  • SSRIs
  • Diuretics
  • Carbamazepine
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4
Q

What is the management for Hyponatraemia caused by drugs?

A

Stop drug, monitor sodium.

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5
Q

What is the normal range for Potassium (K⁺)?

A

3.5–5.0 mmol/L

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6
Q

Which drugs can cause Hyperkalaemia?

A
  • ACE inhibitors
  • Spironolactone
  • NSAIDs
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7
Q

What should be done in case of severe Hyperkalaemia?

A

Stop drug, calcium gluconate if severe.

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8
Q

What is the normal range for Creatinine (Cr)?

A

50–120 µmol/L

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9
Q

Which drugs are associated with renal impairment?

A
  • NSAIDs
  • Aminoglycosides
  • ACE inhibitors
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10
Q

What is the management for renal impairment due to drugs?

A

Stop nephrotoxic drugs, hydrate.

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11
Q

What is the normal range for eGFR?

A

> 90 mL/min

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12
Q

What does a decreased eGFR indicate?

A

Reduced in CKD due to drugs like NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, metformin.

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13
Q

What is the normal range for Urea?

A

2.5–7.5 mmol/L

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14
Q

What causes increased Urea levels?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Renal failure
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15
Q

What is the normal range for Liver enzymes (ALT/AST)?

A

ALT <40 U/L, AST <40 U/L

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16
Q

Which drugs can cause hepatotoxicity?

A
  • Statins
  • Methotrexate
  • Paracetamol overdose
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17
Q

What is the management for hepatotoxicity?

A

Stop hepatotoxic drug, monitor LFTs.

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18
Q

What is the normal range for Bilirubin?

A

<21 µmol/L

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19
Q

What drug can cause cholestasis leading to increased Bilirubin?

A

Co-amoxiclav, azathioprine.

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20
Q

What is the normal range for INR?

A

0.8–1.2 (normal), 2–3 (on warfarin)

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21
Q

What is the management for over-anticoagulation with warfarin?

A

Stop warfarin, give vitamin K if needed.

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22
Q

What is the normal range for HbA1c?

A

<48 mmol/mol (6.5%)

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23
Q

What does an increased HbA1c indicate?

A

Poor diabetes control.

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24
Q

What is the normal range for Thyroid function (TSH)?

A

TSH 0.5–5.0 mU/L

25
Which drugs can lead to hypothyroidism?
* Amiodarone * Lithium
26
What is the management for hypothyroidism due to drugs?
Consider levothyroxine.
27
What ECG change can be caused by SSRIs and antipsychotics?
QT prolongation.
28
What is the management for QT prolongation?
Stop offending drug, monitor ECG.
29
What is the treatment for Torsades de Pointes?
Magnesium sulfate IV.
30
What can cause bradycardia?
* Beta-blockers * Digoxin * Calcium channel blockers
31
What is the management for bradycardia?
Reduce dose, consider atropine if severe.
32
What can cause tachycardia?
* Beta-agonists * Antimuscarinics
33
What is the management for tachycardia?
Manage underlying cause.
34
What ECG changes are associated with Hyperkalaemia?
Tall T waves, wide QRS.
35
What is the management for Hyperkalaemia?
Calcium gluconate, insulin/dextrose.
36
What ECG changes are associated with Hypokalaemia?
U waves, ST depression.
37
What is the management for Hypokalaemia?
Potassium replacement.
38
What common finding can a Chest X-ray (CXR) reveal?
Pulmonary fibrosis.
39
Which drug is associated with pulmonary fibrosis on CXR?
Amiodarone, methotrexate.
40
What can an Abdominal X-ray (AXR) show?
Constipation (dilated bowel loops).
41
Which drugs can cause constipation seen on AXR?
* Opioids * Anticholinergics
42
What common finding can an MRI Brain reveal?
White matter changes.
43
What condition is associated with white matter changes from natalizumab?
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).
44
What can a DEXA Scan reveal?
Osteoporosis.
45
What is a common cause of osteoporosis seen in a DEXA Scan?
Long-term corticosteroid use.
46
What is the likely diagnosis for an elderly patient with confusion and Na+ 125 mmol/L?
SSRI-induced hyponatraemia.
47
What is the management for SSRI-induced hyponatraemia?
Stop SSRI, fluid restrict.
48
What is the likely diagnosis for a patient on warfarin with INR 5.5?
Over-anticoagulation.
49
What is the management for over-anticoagulation?
Stop warfarin, give vitamin K.
50
What is the likely diagnosis for a patient using digoxin with K+ 6.2 mmol/L?
Digoxin toxicity.
51
What is the management for digoxin toxicity?
Stop digoxin, ECG monitoring.
52
What is the likely diagnosis for a patient on ACE inhibitor with Cr rise >30%?
AKI.
53
What is the management for AKI due to ACE inhibitors?
Stop ACE inhibitor, hydrate.
54
What is the likely diagnosis for a patient with phenytoin level 25 mg/L and nystagmus?
Phenytoin toxicity.
55
What is the management for phenytoin toxicity?
Reduce dose, monitor.
56
What should you identify regarding drug-induced abnormalities in blood tests?
Identify drug-induced abnormalities in blood tests.
57
What should you recognize regarding drug adjustments?
Recognise when a drug should be stopped or adjusted.
58
What ECG changes should you know that are linked to which drugs?
Know which ECG changes are linked to which drugs.
59
What reference should you use during the exam?
Use the BNF for reference.

Prescribing safety exam (15 decks)

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