Data Interpretation Flashcards by Lucy Searle

What can cause a low haemoglobin but a high MCV?

B12/folate deficiency
Excess alcohol
Liver disease
Myeloma etc

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What can cause a low haemoglobin but a normal MCV?

Anaemia of chronic disease
Haemolytic anaemia
Renal failure

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What can cause a low haemoglobin but a low MCV?

Iron deficiency anaemia

Thalassemia

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Name three causes of neutrophilia.

Bacterial infection
Steroids
Tissue damage (inflammation, infarct, malignancy)

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Name three causes of neutropenia.

Viral infection
Clozapine/carbimazole
Chemotherapy/radiotherapy

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Name three causes of lymphocytosis.

Viral infection
Lymphoma
CLL

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Name five causes of thrombocytopenia.

Viral infection
Heparin
TTP/ITP/DIC/HUS
Penicillamine
Myeloma

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Name three causes of thrombocytosis.

Bleeding
Tissue damage e.g. infection, inflammation, malignancy
Myeloproliferative disorders

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What is the most important thing to assess in hyponatraemia?

Fluid status

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What are the causes of hypovolaemic hyponatraemia?

Fluid loss
Diuretics
Addison’s

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SIADH is the main cause of euvolaemic hyponatraemia, but what are the causes?

Small cell lung tumours
Infection
Abscess
Drugs (carbamazepine)
Head injury

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What are the causes of hypervolaemic hyponatraemia?

HF
Renal failure
Liver failure

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What are the 4Ds, the 4 causes of hypernatraemia?

Dehydration
Drips
Drugs
DI

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What are the causes of hypokalaemia?

DIRE:
Diuretics (loop and thiazide)
Inadequate intake/intestinal loss
Renal tubular acidosis
Endocrine (Cushing's and Conn's)

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What are the causes of hyperkalaemia?

DREAD:
Drugs (K sparing diuretics and ACEIs)
Renal failure
Endocrine (Addison's)
Artefact
DKA

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Kidney injury and upper GI haemorrhage are two differentials for which biochemical abnormality?

Raised urea

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Haemolysis, Gilbert’s syndrome, and Crigler-Najjer syndrome, are the causes of which biochemical abnormality?

Isolated raised bilirubin

Which transaminase suggests an obstructive pathology?

ALP

Give three causes of a raised ALP.

Gallstones
PBC/PSC
Cholangiocarcinoma

Which liver enzymes suggest an intrahepatic pathology?

Bilirubin, AST, ALT

Give four causes of raised bilirubin, AST, and ALT.

Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Fatty liver
Malignancy

How is the quality of a chest X-Ray film determined?

Projection
Rotation
Inspiration
Markings

What is the normal projection of a CXR?

What suggests there is no rotation on a CXR?

Distance between spinous processes and clavicles are equal

How do you know if inspiration is adequate on a CXR?

7th anterior rib transects the diaphragm

What suggests a pleural effusion on a CXR?

Unilateral White area Solid

What suggests pulmonary oedema on a CXR?

Bilateral White area Fluffy

What suggests pulmonary fibrosis on a CXR?

Bilateral White area Honeycombed

In a lung collapse and pneumothorax, in which direction does the trachea deviate towards?

Collapse - towards affected side | Pneumo - away from affected side

What may suggest TB or an apical tumour on a CXR?

Apices not clear

What is suggested by blunted costophrenic angles on a CXR?

Pleural effusion

On which side, is air under the hemidiaphragm considered abnormal?

Right - bowel perforation | left - normal gastric bubble

Hyperventilation (from disease or anxiety) leads to what metabolic abnormality?

Respiratory alkalosis

Name three causes of metabolic alkalosis.

Vomiting Diuretics Conn's syndrome

Name three causes of metabolic acidosis.

Lactic acidosis DKA Renal failure

What does 1% mean?

1 in 100 So 1g in 100ml Or 10mg (0.01g) in 1ml

How does the dose of LMWH transfer to units?

1mg/kg - 100 units/kg

Which drug should be increased during surgery?

Steroids

How long before surgery should COCP and HRT be stopped for?

4 weeks

Which drugs should be stopped on the day of surgery?

K sparing diuretics ACEIs Anticoags and antiplatelets Oral hypoglycaemic drugs