Data Processing

Question 1

Systematic procedure to ensure that the information/data gathered are complete, _____and ______for analysis.

Answer 1

Data Processing
consistent
suitable

Question 2

Stages of Data Analysis

Answer 2

Editing
Coding
Data Entry
Data Analysis

Question 3

Purpose of the stages of data analysis

Answer 3

Error checking and verification

Question 4

Data Preparation and Process

Answer 4

Prepare Preliminary Plan of Data Analysis
Check Questionnaire
Edit 
Code
Transcribe 
Clean Data
 Statistically Adjust Data
Select Data Analysis Strategiesa

Question 5

Reasons for “Questionnaire Checking”

Answer 5

• Parts of the questionnaire may be incomplete
• The pattern of responses indicate that the respondent did not understand or follow the instructions
• The responses show a little variance
• One or more pages are missing
• The questionnaire is received after the pre-established cutoff date
• The questionnaire is answered by someone who does not qualify for participating

Question 6

Transformingtheresearchdatacollectedinthefieldintocleantablesfordataanalysis.

Answer 6

Data Capture

Question 7

In outline, the steps for Data Capture are?

Answer 7

-receipt of data by the study center (hardcopy forms or electronic files), followed by coding (if applicable), data entry/encoding(if applicable), and (computer) editing

Question 8

Editing of responses include treatment of ______ ______

Answer 8

Treatment of Unsatisfactory Results

Question 9

Under the treatment of Unsatisfactory Results

Answer 9

• Returning to the field- interviewer re-contact the respondent
• Assigning Missing Values- if returning is not feasible
• Discarding Unsatisfactory Results

Question 10

Reasons for Editing

Answer 10

Completeness
Consistency
Questions answered out of order

Question 11

The process of checking and adjusting the Data

Answer 11

Data Editing

Question 12

Data Editing is FOR??

Answer 12

• omissions
• legibility
• consistency
• -readying for coding and storage

Question 13

is a process of examining the collected raw data to detect errors and omissions and to correct these when possible.
◉With regards to stages/Types of Editing::

Answer 13

Data Editing

• Field Editing
• Central Editing

Question 14

Under Field Editing

Answer 14

• Reviewing the accomplished data collection forms
• Decoding of special symbols/abbreviations
• Making callbacks/messages for verification/clarification of incomplete answers

Question 15

Under Central Editing

Answer 15

• Checking of inconsistencies and incorrect entries

- Checking of encoded data

Question 16

Importance of Data Editing

Answer 16

• Make corrections as early as possible
• Reduce non-response or incomplete answers
• Eliminate inconsistencies and incorrect info
• Make the entries clear, legible, and comprehensive
• Prepare data for analysis

Question 17

What to check when editing data?

Answer 17

Check for duplicate entries
Check the total of each variable if the same as with the sample size
In qualitative data, check if categories are consistent specified in the coding manual
In quantitative data, check the maximum and minimum if they are logical given the possible values of variable

Question 18

Conversion of verbal/written information into numbers which can be more easily encoded, counted, and tabulated.

Answer 18

Data Coding

Question 19

The rules for interpreting,classifying,and recording data in the coding process

Answer 19

Codes

Question 20

The actual numerical or other character symbols

Answer 20

Codes

Question 21

Types of Codes

Answer 21

Factual Code
Field Code
Bracket Code
Pattern Code

Question 22

actual value or information given by the respondent

Answer 22

Field Code

Question 23

recorded as range of values rather than actual values

Answer 23

Bracket Code

Question 24

codes are assigned to a list of categories of a given variable

Answer 24

Factual Code

Question 25

applicable for questions with multiple response

Answer 25

Pattern Codes

Question 26

Guidelines for coding unstructured questions

Answer 26

◉Number of rules must be kept to minimum(<8) ◉Codes should be exhaustive and mutually exclusive ◉Adopt coding convention for questions with similar answers

Question 27

Coding Problems

Answer 27

◉No response | ◉Not applicable questions

Question 28

A document which containsa record of all codes assigned to the responses to all questions in the data collection forms

Answer 28

Coding Manual

Question 29

Minimum information that must be included in a coding manual

Answer 29

○Variable name ○Variable description ○Coding instructions

Question 30

Under Data Preparation

Answer 30

Variable Codes | Missing Data

Question 31

Under Variable Codes

Answer 31

- Each categorical variable must be exhaustive and mutually exclusive codes - These codes should be thoroughly documented in the codebook/coding manual - Where possible, use standard data codes to facilitate comparison results across the variables or even across the studies

Question 32

Arise from many sources, such as refusal to answer,omission,missing by design,etc.

Answer 32

Missing Data

Question 33

The coding of missing data often does not receive special____,which is often ____;indeed, cells left ___in Excel spreadsheets, will be interpreted as _____ ____ by most statistical programs.

Answer 33

attention benign empty missing data

Question 34

MISSING DATA ◉When coded, missing values for categorical variables should be identified by a code ______different from non missing values. AND THIS IS UNDER THE?

Answer 34

Coding missing and inapplicable data | radically

Question 35

a variable that would be coded as 0=‟not at all‟,1=‟a little bit‟,…,5=‟verymuch‟,a sensible choice would be to take a _____,e.g.-9.

Answer 35

negative value

Question 36

◉**NOTE also that inapplicable(e.g.,pregnancy related data among males)data should be coded ______from missing data. ◉Codes for missing and inapplicable data can be entered in the ____ ____ ______ for ______variables.

Answer 36

differently variable label worksheet unformatted

Question 37

Entering the data/responses in a spreadsheet

Answer 37

Data Encoding

Question 38

Examples of Data Encoding

Answer 38

○MSExcel ○MSAccess ○EpiInfo

Question 39

◉Checking data for errors

Answer 39

Cleaning Data

Question 40

Cleaning data is "critical or NOT?" Explain your answer.

Answer 40

Critical- because “dirty” data can severely influence your results.

Question 41

Three most commonly used in cleaning methods are (United Way of _____,19__):

Answer 41

United Way of America, 1996 1. Spot-checking 2. Eye-balling 3. Logic checks

Question 42

Randomly select several participants’ completed paper surveys and compare them to the data on the electronic spreadsheet.

Answer 42

Spot checking

Question 43

For qualitative data use this approach to check whether participants’ words were _____accurately and are ______to the right individual.

Answer 43

Spot checking transribed attributed

Question 44

◉If there is an error in your first round of spot-checking you should ____check another round of the ___data.

Answer 44

randomly check | raw data

Question 45

This technique involves reviewing the data for errors that may have resulted from a data-entry or coding mistake.

Answer 45

Eye balling

Question 46

◉For example,question 5 from sample code book above reads:Did you participate in the summer program? Participants can only respond to this question with a“no”or“yes.” ◉“No”is assigned a value of 0, while “yes” responses are assigned a value of 1.Therefore, any number other than a 0 or 1 in the “Q5” column on the sample spreadsheet would be an obvious error. What cleaning method is this?

Answer 46

Eye balling

Question 47

This technique involves a careful review of the electronically entered data to make sure that the answers to the different questions“make sense.”

Answer 47

Logic Check

Question 48

For example, if participant 001 on the sample spreadsheet indicated that they did not attend the summer program in question 5, it would be illogical for this participant to have provided a satisfaction rating in the irresponse to question 6. ◉The only logical response for this participant would be “99” or “not applicable.” What cleaning method is this?

Answer 48

Logic Check