Dates

Question 1

Four Stage Model of Offender Profiling

Answer 1

Douglas et al. (1986)

Question 2

Organised/Disorganised Offender Typology

Answer 2

Hazelwood & Douglas (1980)

Question 3

SK Typology

Answer 3

Holmes & DeBurger (1988)

Question 4

Age, Ethnicity

Answer 4

FBI Database (2019)

Question 5

Geographic Profiling

Answer 5

Canter (1993)

Question 6

Profilers can provide insight to the psychological approaches and interview strategies when it comes to interviewing suspects who have had their personality traits inferred.

Answer 6

Homant & Kennedy (1998)

Question 7

Offender behaviour changes over time, some offenders become more organised as they develop and refine their MO. Experience makes them more confident. Profile generation fails to account for potential growth in committing offences.

Answer 7

Douglas (1995)

Question 8

The distinction between visionary killers and power/control killers allows for a differentiated approach to psychological assessments and investigative strategies.

Answer 8

Hickey (2016)

Question 9

Understanding the motivations behind serial homicide can aid in narrowing suspect pools and predicting potential future offences.

Answer 9

Canter et al. (2004)

Question 10

Ted Bundy exhibits both sexual sadism and a need for control, demonstrating how he could be placed in both hedonistic and power/control typologies.

Answer 10

Beauregard (2016)

Question 11

Jeffrey Dahmer’s crimes involved aspects of hedonistic murder, necrophilia, and a psychological need for control over his victims, making it difficult to place him in just one typological category. This demonstrates the reductionist nature of this framework, as it fails to account for the dynamic and evolving nature of offender motivations.

Answer 11

Levin & Fox (2020)

Question 12

Holmes and DeBurger’s classification was developed through case study analysis rather than statistical methodologies, meaning it lacks the robust foundation necessary for predictive accuracy in investigative contexts.

Answer 12

Canter & Youngs (2009)

Question 13

Criminological research has moved towards data-driven approaches, such as behavioural linkage analysis and geographic profiling, which offer more concrete investigative insights than typological classification alone.

Answer 13

Rossmo (2000)

Question 14

SKs often exhibit abnormalities in brain regions associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, particularly in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala.

Answer 14

Kiehl (2014)

Question 15

Plan:

Answer 15

Intro -> Strength (Clear Distinctions in Typology). Hickey (2016) & Canter et al. (2004) -> Strength (Applicability to serial killers. David Berkowitz, Son of Sam. Ted Bundy (Beauregard, 2016). -> Weakness (Oversimplification, SKs fit into multiple categories.) Levin & Fox (2020) (possibly Beauregard, 2016 again). -> Weakness (Subjectivity regarding categories rather than empirical validation). (Canter & Youngs, 2009; Rossmo, 2000) -> Weakness (fails to consider neurobiological and psychological factors). Kiehl (2014). Talk around diathesis stress model? -> Mitigation (Holmes & DeBurger continue to have relevance despite shortcomings, and serves as a good starting point to understand motivations. That being said, as forensic research evolves, rigid typological classifications such as Holmes & DeBurger are increasingly being replaced by more flexible, evidence-based approaches that consider psych, neurobiology, and behavioural analysis) -> Conclusion.