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Question 1

Douglas et al. (1986)

Answer 1

Four Stage Model of Offender Profiling

Question 2

Hazelwood & Douglas (1980)

Answer 2

Organised/Disorganised Offender Typology

Question 3

Holmes & DeBurger (1988)

Answer 3

SK Typology

Question 4

FBI Database (2019)

Answer 4

Age, Ethnicity

Question 5

Canter (1993)

Answer 5

Geographic Profiling

Question 6

Homant & Kennedy (1998)

Answer 6

Profilers can provide insight to the psychological approaches and interview strategies when it comes to interviewing suspects who have had their personality traits inferred.

Question 7

Douglas (1995)

Answer 7

Offender behaviour changes over time, some offenders become more organised as they develop and refine their MO. Experience makes them more confident. Profile generation fails to account for potential growth in committing offences.

Question 8

Hickey (2016)

Answer 8

The distinction between visionary killers and power/control killers allows for a differentiated approach to psychological assessments and investigative strategies.

Question 9

Canter et al. (2004)

Answer 9

Understanding the motivations behind serial homicide can aid in narrowing suspect pools and predicting potential future offences.

Question 10

Beauregard (2016)

Answer 10

Ted Bundy exhibits both sexual sadism and a need for control, demonstrating how he could be placed in both hedonistic and power/control typologies.

Question 11

Levin & Fox (2020)

Answer 11

Jeffrey Dahmer’s crimes involved aspects of hedonistic murder, necrophilia, and a psychological need for control over his victims, making it difficult to place him in just one typological category. This demonstrates the reductionist nature of this framework, as it fails to account for the dynamic and evolving nature of offender motivations.

Question 12

Canter & Youngs (2009)

Answer 12

Holmes and DeBurger’s classification was developed through case study analysis rather than statistical methodologies, meaning it lacks the robust foundation necessary for predictive accuracy in investigative contexts.

Question 13

Rossmo (2000)

Answer 13

Criminological research has moved towards data-driven approaches, such as behavioural linkage analysis and geographic profiling, which offer more concrete investigative insights than typological classification alone.

Question 14

Kiehl (2014)

Answer 14

SKs often exhibit abnormalities in brain regions associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, particularly in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala.