David Crystal: Fight for English Flashcards
What is the Metaphor of Exploitation that can be seen?
Elizabethan Lexical Expansion - in reference to the 1,700 coined words he used to exploit the existing resources of the language in order to do so.
What is the Metaphor of Darkness that can be seen?
Can be seen in Puttenham’s view of what “good English” was supposed to be. The quote “many darke words not visual nor well sounding” in reference to Non-standard English
What is the Metaphor of Purity that can be seen?
Can be seen in valuing diversity on regional accents in Shakespearean England. Last line of Valuing diversity talks about “it is puristic trend that is aberration” in response to the contention of the differences in regional accents, Richard Carew agrees as he quotes that aside from the “copiousness of our languadge” they’re ‘all ‘right English alike.’ This view conforms to Descriptivism as it respects and values diversity. Not resort or set to control it.
What is the Metaphor of Diversity that can be seen?
in reference to the same pages. Diversity is represented in Richard Carew’s book The Excellencie of English Tounge where he describes the language “appeareth in the diueritye of our dialects.” No matter how different they are, they “all express the same things in duer sortes, yeat all English alike”
Let’s break down the Metaphor used “Linguistically fully dressed” 1.
He uses clothes analogy to describe how we should aim to choose the right form of English to use in situations. As appropriateness in language is the same as other walks of life
Let’s break down the Metaphor used “Linguistically fully dressed” 2.
The clothes analogy states if you only had one pair of clothes in your wardrobe for all occasions how prepared would you feel? Not really. However, if you hard a large advanced wardrobe you’d have different selection of clothes to choose from allowing to develop a “sense of clothing” knowing to what wear in different situations as is all social learning.
Let’s break down the Metaphor used “Linguistically fully dressed” An example?
For example, for children who are socially learning at school if have only one variety of language to use, it is like having a single of item in the wardrobe. On the other hand, if they have been made aware of all varieties of language during a language syllabus – then they leave school linguistically dressed.
Let’s break down the Metaphor used “Linguistically fully dressed” How can we look at this linguistically?
“Be linguistically prepared” – The attributive base adjective “prepared” denotes someone who is planned in advance for future situations paired with the pre-modifying adverb “linguistically” demonstrates that the language user will be able to interact effectively with people from other walks of life as they have capable knowledge of knowing when to use which forms of language.
What is the metaphor on “Language Change” and fashion?
David Crystal makes the point that Language change compared to ‘fashion which takes times to catch on.’ Fashion trends do not happen overnight nor is Language Change. That is why it is necessary to be patient and allow these changes to happen, so that as descriptivists we can study, document and understand these changes. Perhaps, implementing these changes into our walk of life.
Daniel Defoe, an example of a prescriptivist in terms of stickerlism and declinism used 3 metaphors to describe the action need to be done English language. What was the first one?
• Daniel Defoe, 1697 noted having an ‘Academy’ to censor/control language. Used the metaphor ‘t wou’d be as criminal then to Coin Words, as money’
Daniel Defoe, an example of a prescriptivist in terms of stickerlism and declinism used 3 metaphors to describe the action need to be done English language. What was the second one?
• Daniel Defoe used the metaphor of tounge to describe the ways we can censure language. He advises ‘to polish and refine the English tounge.’
Daniel Defoe, an example of a prescriptivist in terms of stickerlism and declinism used 3 metaphors to describe the action need to be done English language. What was the third one?
• Daniel Defoe, 1697 also criticised ‘swear words & vulgarisms’ through the metaphor ‘that Scum and Excrement of the Mouth. A mere frenzy of the tounge, a Vomit of the Brain’
What did the declinst Thomas Sprat 1677 want?
How he wanted a ‘close, naked, natural way of speaking; positive expressions, clear sense…’ this poses the idea that extravagant language is pushing language downhill.’
What is the infamous quote used by David Crystal about how describes Language Change?
“Language change is as natural as breathing” In response to Johnson’s understanding of the difficulties of trying to ‘fix’ the language.
Moving on, In summary to the timeline of Language Change attitudes. What was it mainly positive or negative around the 1600’s?
Mostly Negative and Positive.
1589 - N – Puttenham writes about how everyone is susceptible to mistakes within their English and that we should judge everyone equally.
1604 – N - Robert Caudrey didn’t approve of the diversity within language that was happening within language. He created the first alphabet with definitions and pronunciation. Why? For the benefit and hope of ‘ladies, gentlewomen or any other skillful persons’
1617 – P - Elizabethan England. Richard Carew showe pride in the diversity of the English language. He said “the copiousness of our language appeareth in the diversitye of our dialect.”
