International English Models Flashcards
Why is Kachru’s Three Circle remain of the most influential models? (3 Things)
The model is influential for grouping the different varieties of English in the world (Molin, 2006).
The model has three circles: Inner Circle, the Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle. To Kachru, they represent “the type of spread, the pattern of acquisition and the functional domains in which English is used across cultures and languages.”
This model is an ‘initial stepping stone for the division of English’s.’ However, there has been drawbacks and variations that have been identified by several authors including Kachru himself (Yoneoka, 2002)
What does the Inner Circle represent?
The Inner Circle represents the traditional bases of English, dominated by the mother-tongue varieties where English acts as a first language. (White, 1997) countries such as UK, America, Canada and Australia belong in here. The varieties of English are said to be ‘norm providing’ meaning that these countries set the rules for other countries in Expanding Circle i.e. Standard British English, Standard American English etc. These varieties are said to have “instrumental power” because the language carries power to influence and dictate how language users learn the language. (Fairclough, 2006 may be wrong, check.)
What does Outer Circle represent?
are countries such as India, Malaysia, Singapore, Kenya, Ghana and Zambia where there had been a spread of English in ‘non-native settings’ meaning English was not the NL for the country. Many of the following countries were former colonies. The spread of English in the countries have over time formed a part of the country’s chief institutions and played an ‘important second language role (Radjadurai, 2005). English used in the outer circle is said to be ‘norm-developing’ meaning that these countries can develop their own rules and variations.
What des the Expan
The Expanding Circle refers to countries where English is learnt as a foreign language. These countries to do not have a colonial association by ‘members of Inner circle and institutional or social role.’ The use of English as a foreign language is necessary for international communication (White, 1997) cites. The countries in the Expanding Circle include China, Japan, Greece and Poland (Crystal 1997). The English used in the Expanding Circles is regarded as ‘norm-dependent’ in these countries meaning they learn from a pre-established norm such as such as ASE or BSE. This does not limit the reality that these countries can be able to develop being norm-developing.
What are the advantages of the Three Circle Kachru’s Model?
It is preferable to the traditional native, ESL and EFL levels which involve the dichotomy between native and non-native speakers. (Rajadurai, 2005)
What are the disadvantages of the Three Circle Kachru Model?
The model is not sufficiently dynamic to reflect the reality of English use in the world. It still prefers the English native speakers in the inner circle.
What is Patil’s (Give date) criticism?
Patil (2006) criticises the model the three circles by assuming that it represents linguistic reality perfectly. Kachru (1985) evaluated his own model and noted the concentric circles may be ‘oversimplified and fuzzy areas exist.’ Such as South Africa and Jamaica which are difficult to be classified.
What is David Crystal’s (Give date) criticism?
avid Crystal (1995) describes how terms like ‘norm-providing’, ‘norm-developing’ and ‘norm-dependent’ cannot represent the reality of International English use because the reality is often not so clear-cut. Outer Circle looks to Inner Circle norms or it creates its own norms. Norm development is also possible in the Expanding Circle.
What is Molin’s (Give date) criticism?
Molin (2006) says that Three-circle Model fails to consider the growth of English in the world. It cannot account for the growing use of English, namely English as a lingua franca between speakers who do not share a first language.
What does Katzner (????) and Phillipson (????) both agree on about the spread of International English?
Katzner (2002) and Phillipson (1992) agree, saying that English is the language choice in international organizations, companies as well as the academic world. It is also commonly used in the domains of the internet, international mass media and entertainment.
What does Burt (2005) agree about international communication and his criticism to Kachru?
Burt (2005) argued that due to international communication, which has become a ‘common phenomenon between the circles and the increased the mobility of people across language borders, therefore, the distinction between Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle becomes fuzzy and cannot account for the growing use of English in today’s world.
Kachru made an upadted model, is it better or worse?
Worse. There is still a lot of flaws that exist within this model. Firstly, the model focuses too much on geographical and historical factors rather than the sociolinguistic uses. Additionally, the figures masquerade the fact that International English’s developing in countries within the Expanding Circle. Whereas in the past, there may have been little uses for the language due to tradition, now there has been a rise for speakers and countries to incorporate English within their country such as education, law etc
What does Nicola Galloway in her book ‘Introducing Global Englishes’ critcise about Kachru’s Updated model?
Nicola Galloway cites in her book ‘Introducing Global Englises this model is also too focused on colonial history. The model fails to recognise Britain had ‘mandate in many countries in Kachru’s Outer Circle.’ She uses Egypt as an example, after 1882 it became a British protectorate at the end of WW1 yet it has been placed in the Expanding Circle and not within the Outer Circle. Bruthiaux (2003) cites that the model overlooks regions that have had heavy colonial influences like Cameroon (with more than 6 million speakers) to countries that have never been subjected to English colonisation such an Ethiopia and Latin American countries that have many English speakers.
Streven with his model ‘The Spread of English’ is one of the oldest view of the spread of International Englishes what can you view about the model/
To me, I would see Steven’s model in educational contexts for explaining the origins of how Global English’s came to be. In Streven’s model there is this notion of belonging and growth for me, I have this notion that even though Africa has obtained International English, it has its birth to “British English.” This model would also be effective superficially to explain the ways in which “British and American English” have spread.
What criticisms can you give about his model?
I n terms of criticism, for me, the model forces to see Global English as descending from either British or American English. For me, there is still a sense of underlining imperialism when I view this model because not only is the model seeing the spread of Global English basing from British or American English. In comparison to Kachru’s model, there is a similar to be picked up in that both Britain and America are seen as central/ significant components to the development in International English (Britain and America are placed in the inner circle.)
