Day 2 Flashcards
(36 cards)
What is a social institution?
A social structure governed by stable patterns of rules and expectations which can include families, churches, the economy, school, or polity as physical or nonphysical entities of institutions.
What is a social relationship?
A pattern of continuing contact and communication between two or more people that follows an expected pattern.
What is status?
The rights, duties, and lifestyles that people associate with a particular role in an institution or society.
What is role?
The way society expects an individual to act in a social situation as a member of a particular category.
What is an interaction?
A patterned exchange of information, judgement, confirmation, or emotions between at least two people in a social setting.
What is a negotiation?
An interaction whose goal is to define the expectations or boundaries of a relationship.
Who allegedly founded sociology?
August Comte, a research in the 1800s who founded the study as another science in the division of human thought as a humanity.
What is ideal type?
An abstraction of features from empirical reality and their embodiment. An “ideal” desired in certain institutions.
What is functionalism?
A perspective that studies how structures are set up and organized, and the organization itself and its necessity. “Does society need this structure?” “What is the purpose?”
As it was the first paradigm of society, functionalists relate society as an organism comprised of multiple interconnected and reliant organs.
What is conflict theory?
A theory that considers differences and power and the ways in which people retaliate or fight back to drive the society forwards. It argues that society is not harmonious and essentially “runs” on conflict.
What is interactionism?
Also known as symbolic interaction, this concerns the ways in which people interact. Rather than seeing society as a whole, interactionism focuses on the minor and small reactions between individuals and their means of communication and interpretation.
What is dramaturgical approach?
Relates to behaviours as theatrical performances. When we are in social situations, we are putting on a performance and fitting into a certain role.
What are the steps of the scientific method?
State Problem
Choose Research Design
Collect Data
Analyze and Interpret Data
Develop Conclusion
What is ethnography?
“Field work” and participant observation is how a researcher may study a particular social group by immersing themselves within such social settings.
Extra: When involved in criminal practices, it is not a researcher’s liability to report to law enforcement as their study of focus is behaviour rather than preventative measures.
What is secondary analysis?
Observing information already gathered in a previous study and re-evaluating it. Pitfalls include necessary data not being recorded at the time of study.
What are some measures studies take in order to maintain ethics?
- Participants must be aware of what their information is used for, and their agreement/consent to participate.
- No harm must come to the participant.
- Protection of privacy and confidentiality must be a focus as well as guarding data.
What are social research methods?
A wide range of techniques and approaches to learning about the social world that follow a plan or research design.
What are the 5 main goals of sociological research?
- Enumeration and description
- Prediction
- Explanation
- Debunking
- Social justice
What is necessary for a proper research question?
Clarity - Clear formulation of the research question that is easy to understand.
Specificity - Specific formulation fo the research question, avoiding vague language and terminology.
Feasibility - Formulation of answerable research questions that can be tackled in a single project.
What is operationalization?
The process of measuring and comparing an abstract theoretical concept.
What is a variable?
A measurable attribute or character.
What is a qualitative vs quantitative measure?
Qualitative measures are tests that more focus on the quality of a report and the specificity rather than the quantity 0 being the scale in which the observation might take place.
What is a hypothesis?
A hypothesis is a prediction or informed assumption about the relationship between two or more variables.
What is a correlation?
A measure of association between two variables which can be either negative (an increase in one results in a decrease of the other) or positive (an increase in one results in an increase of the other).
